iGCSE Settlement - Case Studies

Characteristics

CBD

• mainly shops and offices
• few people live here
• High land value
• Congested and busy

Inner City

• Developed in the 19th century
• High density terraced housing
• Polluted, dirty and in decline
• Old factories and workers housing

Inner Suburbs

• 1930s housing
• Mainly semi-detached with gardens
• Tree lined streets

Outer Suburbs

• Modern detached houses
• Privately owned
• With gardens and garages
• Quiet and clean

Industrial estates/retail parks

• Good accessibility 
• Cheaper land
• Can expand due to space

Lima, Peru 

Characteristics

CBD

• Old colonial buildings, government offices and presidential palaces 

Low Cost Housing

• Older improved housing
• e.g. Chorrillos

High Cost Housing

• e.g. San Isidro
• Luxury flats
• detached houses

Industry

• Located along Pan Americana Highway
• Close to port
• Close to airport

Favelas (slums)

• Poor quality 
• self built
• caused by rural-urban migration
• found on unwanted land (undesirable land)
• e.g. Ventanilla

Location

• At the edge of Exeter
• Close to the A379
• Close to railway tracks
• Flat land
• Plenty of space for expansion

Advantages for land use on the fringe

• Plenty of free parking
• Lots of space for shops
• attractive - less pollution and noise
• Accessible by car (A379)
• New jobs created for local people
• Reduces problems in the city centre e.g. traffic, noise pollution, air pollution etc

Disadvantages

• Destroys valuable habitats
• Leads to pollution on the edge of the cities
• Traffic out of town
• Can't access the area if you don't have a car

Region - Shanghai

Causes

• Steel, cement and glass plants may have increased pollutions
• Rapid population growth
• Car and factory emissions

Impacts

• Effects people's health e.g. increase in Asthma
• 500,000 people have died each year due to severe pollution
• Causes breathing problems 

Solutions

• Use of anti-pollution masks
• Cut pollution by closing down coal-fired power plants
• Try to find a less polluting power source e.g. HEP or Nuclear

Location - London

Facts and figures

• Average speed of traffic is 14mph
• Commuter time to London - 70mins
• 700,000 people in London suffer from asthma

Problems

• Congestion fees costs businesses money in London (£300 million a year)
• Pollution from cars cause an estimated 10,000 related deaths a year.

Solution

Congestion charge (£10) to drive into Central London - reduce congestion in the city centre

• Bike hire scheme. Free bike hire around Central London.
• Cross Rail 1 - fast trainline under London
• Oyster card. Use instrad of cash to pay for transport - speeds up boarding and reduces lines to pay