Media Studies A2

• Mass-Amateurisation/Citizen Journalism: Blogs, YouTube = Professionals out of work.
• Adorno and the Frankfurt School (1991) : Charismatic celebrities may have either positive or negative outcomes on the public.
• Constructionist View of Representation: Knowledge is constructed by representations.
• Reflective View of Representation: Media narrative and language reflects reality.
• Cultural Imperialism: One country dominates others' consumption and ideologies
• Giddens (2003): We live in a 'runaway world' where cultures, economies and politics appear to merge across national borders.
• Herman and Chomsky: 'Manufacturing consent' filters available information, controlling audiences.
• Gramsci: Repeated representations in the media become dominant ideologies, such as the middle class in power.
• Contexts: Social (To entertain), Economic (To make a profit), Historical (Background of the text).

• Habermas:(1991): Focus in the media is mainly on celebrities, ignoring political opinions and debates on government action.
• Danny Miller: Viewers use texts to explore social and moral contradictions in their own society.
• Cultural Concern: An issue that sociery or culture becomes preoccupied with or worried about.
• Mcluhan: The medium is the message which influences society.
• On Demand: No 9pm Watershed.
• Facebook was questioned after comments on wall's were considered public invading their privacy policy.
• The Cultivation Perspective: Watching a range of similar media texts reflects a misinterpretation of reality.

• Auteur Theory: The director is the author of their film expressing individual style.
• Barthes Myths (1967):A culture repeats frequently told stories to convey dominant ideologies.
• Barthes Narrative Codes (1974): -Action codes: audiences are involved by following the details of a plot. -Enigmatic Codes -Symbolic Codes: identification.
• Binary oppositions
• Hall: -Decoding and Encoding model emphasising audience interpretation. -The meaning is in the audience reading.
• Indexical Signs: Assumes a relationship between the signifier and signified.
• Structuralism: Using a semiotic perspective, media texts can be analysed as languages or signifying systems.
• Neale: Pleasure comes with difference.
• Paradigm: A set of signs which producers can choose from to create their text.
• Syntagm: A new meaning from the added signs. Central to creating genre.
• Poststructuralism: Emphasises the range of interpretations within a text.
• Queer Theory: Rejects conventional expressions of behaviour.

• Saussure (1983): -Syntactic level: denotation of text. -Representational level: representations conveyed. -Symbolic level: hidden cultural meaning.
• Scopophilia: The pleasure of looking at people secretly.
• Semiotics: The study of codes and languages and the signs from which they are made.
• Signified: Idea, meaning or concept represented by signifier.
• Signifier: The visible part of a sign such as image.
• Market-Liberalism: Politically conservative perspective stressing the power of audience over media producers. Audience preference decides which media texts are produced.
• Voyeurism: Gaining pleasure from watching, especially secretly, other people's behaviour 
• Fiske: There is a tendency to read connotations as if they were self-truths.
• Social Learning Theory: Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment: Human behaviour is learnt by imitating behaviour.
• Morley (1980): -Dominant Reading: Preferred reading -Negotiated Reading: Audience shares some embedded ideologies. -Oppositional Reading: Audience reject preferred reading.
• Liberal Pluralism: Media audiences select and choose media texts.
• Two step flow theory: semi-active theory where opinion leaders spread the word about media texts and people share this information.

• Timeliness: Current
• Proximity: Local Information
• Conflict and Controversy: Violence
• Human Interest: Unusual or Identifiable
• Relevance: Helps make decisions
• Elite Nations or People
• Personality: Celebrities

Bias:

• Story Selection: Ignores stories coinciding with opposite view.
• Placement: Importance of news story.
• Spin: One interpretation of an event or policy.

• In 2009, 95% of music downloads were illegal -The Guardia, Jan 2009
• In 2011, the fewest cinema tickets since 1995 were sold" -Time: Business and Money, Jan 2012
• "Glossy magazines can give you anorexia" -Daily Mail, May 2012
• "Most illegal downloaders are being tracked" -The Telegraph, Sept 2012
• "Children damaged by online **** at age 11" -The Metro, Oct 2012
• "Nine are fined for revealing **** victim online" -The Metro, Nov 2012
• "One in six download and streams illegally" -The Metro, Nov 2012
• "Gangnam up on them all" -The Metro, Dec 2012
• "Social networking sites are being used to move children" -The Metro, Jan 2013
• "Miss Vogue recieves cautious welcome from health campaigners" -The Guardian, Jan 2013
• "A smartphone that turns into a mini cinema" HTC One -The Metro, Feb 2013
• "Courts ban pirate sites from use" after shutting down The Pirate Bay -The Metro, Feb 2013
• "I left him playing COD then he was dead" -The Metro, Feb 2013
• "Police use drunk's satnav to find home-alone child" -The Metro, March 2013
• "Cyber crooks use fake keypads to get people's pin numbers" -The Metro, March 2013
• 60% of the UK population own a smartphone in 2013 -NewMedia TrendWatch

• The Columbine Incident 1999, Klebold and Harris
• The Virginia Tech Massacre 2007, Cho
• The Batman Shootings 2012, Holmes > The Gangster Squad film
• Iranian Presidential Elections 2009, Twitter increased the amount of coverage
• James Bulger's death caused by Child's Play 3? 1993
• Argo: USA are superior to Iran. Iranians are seen as hostile
• Broadchurch: Newspaper stories are constructed. Unless there is a high profile case, police may stop looking
• UGC has made highly skilled professionals redundant

General Information:

• Over 33 million members in 40 different countries
• Launched in 1987 in US, 2012 in UK/Ireland
• £5.99/month
• NewOnNetflix
• Converged devices: Androids, Gaming Devices and Laptops
• Synergised: Paramount Pictures, MGM Pictures and Lionsgate Entertainment
• Economical and Social Contexts. Postmodernity - Fragmentation

Broadcast Advert:

• USP Initially - 1 Month Free Trial - 'Watch these titles now on Netflix'
• Non-diegetic music 'Oh how I want you'. Snippets, diegetic - 'You know what we do'
• What you want, when you want - simplistically effective
• Daniel Craig, Daniel Radcliffe, Emily Blunt (UK and Ireland Advert)
• 26 films (21 Jump Street, Drive, CwaCoM) and T.V Shows (Heroes, Breaking Bad)
• Gunshot, Ends with Iron Man 2 < Red, backdrop for Netflix

Netflix Website:

• Nuclear, happy, middle-class family choosing what to watch on Netflix < Aspirational 
• No commitments, Interactive - 'Start your free month' 
• Smart TV with a wide variety of movies on display.

Netflix App:

• 4.1/5 rating - lack of sound, freezing, no parental controls
• Free App for customers = Addiction > Unhealthy Lifestyle 

Netflix Facebook Page:

• The Flixies  
• Frequent updates of content. Almost 4 million likes 
• 'What can we help you with?' < Inviting

General Information:

• Launched in 2002 in UK. An Amazon Company
• Online viewing is free (rental/streaming). Amazon: world's largest online retailer
• Jan 2011: 32% > 100%

Broadcast Advert:

• Devices + Broadcast (iPad, PC..)
• Emphasises easy use
• Snippets - The Other Guys, Salt 'You're Good' 

Print:

• 'Britain's largest range of films and games -7,000 titles and counting'
• Bad teacher, Dexter, TBBT covers
• White background, red 'love' and '.com'

General Information:

• 1989 online < first store in 2004
• Customers can order online and collect
• 'Netflix filed suit in 2006, alleging Blockbuster copied methods for video rental orders.'              -Marketwatch. Netflix recorded a settlement payment of $4.1 million.
• Morrisons buy 49 Blockbuster stores
• In January, Blockbuster closed their UK stores putting over 4,000 jobs at risk
• Filed for bankruptcy in 2010

Facebook Page:

• Only 600,00 likes
• Polls for favourite movies and comments

• Hall: Polysemic texts, 'The meaning is not in the text but in the reading.'
• Fiske (1982): Audiences have a tendency to read connotations as self-evident truths
• Connotations of Red: Passion, Desire, Energy and Power
• UGC: Forum on website
• Uses and Gratification Theory: Entertainment/ Personal Identity/ Information/ Integration and Social Interaction.
• Proliferation: Spreading on Converged devices
• Park et al: Delinquents who watch more violent T.V are more aggressive.
• Mark Thompson: 'Martini Media' 'any time, any place, anywhere' 2007, iPlayer

• Del Sola Poole: New media will facilitate a range of texts
• Lazy and Unsociable or discourse providing?
• Adorno and the Frankfurt school: The effect of celebrities
• Liberal Pluralism (choice) and Market Liberalism (preference affects texts produced)
• Media Effect Theory, Social Learning Perspective, Desensitisation
• Stacey: audiences gain pleasure by using celebrities as an escape

• 1 in 6 people illegally download and stream
• In 2011 the fewest tickets were sold since 1995 - Time: Business and Money
• Going to the cinema is a social activity and part of modern culture
• James Bulger's death caused by Child's Play 3? -1993
• Parental Controls: added after complaints on forum.
• As of November 2012, you can adjust parental controls from a computer only. It takes 8 hours to apply to all devices.
• Unemployment rates are high in young adults who are the target audience.
• People prefer to illegally download because it is free; the internet creates a sense of anonymity in which criminals feel they won't be caught.