Nutrition and health: nutrition and cancer
- Created by: kjaneway1
- Created on: 04-04-18 21:14
statistics of cancer
- 10 million new cases of cancer are diagnosed per year worldwide
- cancer affecrs one in three people over their lifetime
- there are 28 million cancer survivors worldwide
what is cancer?
- cancer is a set of diseases characterised by abnormal cell growth and the ability to spread from the primary sites in the body (metastasis)
cancer and genes
- cancer is the results of the accumulation of changes to your genes over time (mutarions)
- genes are passed down to daughter cells every time a cell reproduces
- genetically, cancer incidence is a function of age
- genes are made up of DNA that can mutate
Agents that cause cancer
- ultraviolet light
- x-rays
- cigarette smoke/alcohol
- obesity
- chemicals
- infectious agents
- natural metabolic products
carcinogens cause cancer how?
- carcinogens danage genes.
- many bind to and mask the chemical instructions of genes. this results in permanent changes (mutations) in these instructions so that they do not work properly
- mutations in genes involved in cell growth,specialization, or cell suicide can cause cancer. these processes affect net cell number in the body.
efforts make to reduce smoking
smoking bans
- 1990 san luis obispo california became the first city to ban public smoking
- the ban traveled in an eastward wave and has reached the uk
rates of cancer in males
see powerpoint images
- lung cancer increased
the uk is a model of good practice
- the uk is the only country in the world that has a network of free stop-smoking services
- new drugs such as nicotine replacement treatments
- champix/ chantix
- zyban
new cancer cases in the uk
females
- breast
- colorectal
- lung
males
- prostate
-lung
- colorectal
see powerrpoint for whole diagram
leading new cases of cancers differ among differen
for example
- usa female 31% breast cancer 4% non-hodgkin's lymphoma, 13% lung,12 % colon and 7% uterus
- chinese male - 13% esophagus, 20% lung, 20% stomach, 19% liver, 7% colon
- kenya male - 12% esophagus, 6% stomach, 6% liver, 7% kaposi's sarcoma, 8% prostate
- austrailia/ new zealand female - 10% malanoma, 28% breast, 7% lung, 15% colon, 4% uterus
10 recomendation for the prevention of cancer
- be lean
- be physically active
- eat 5 poortions of fruita and vegitables a day
- avaid sugary drinks and enerfy dense food
- limit intake of alcohol
- limit intake of read meat and processed meat
- limit salt and avoid mouldy grains and legumes
-meet nutritional needs through diet
- mothers should breast feed
- avoid smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke
causative factors of diet
foods can carry carcinogens
- food sourse (eg salmon) abd contaminants PCBs (polychorinated biphenols) in farmed vs wild salmon
- food preparation - roasting vs frying (hetrocyclic amines)
- preventatives (sodium nitrate) and pesticides: (benifit vs harm)
dietary deficiencies
- folate is critical for nucleotide synthis and methylation deficicientcy - lead to mutation/misexpression
chronic alcohol consumption
- classified as a carcinoen in 2007 by the IARC
- alcohol is metabolised to form aldehyde which is a carcinogen
causative factors of cancer
obesity: BMI weight (Kg)/ (hight (m))2
- cause breast, colorectum, endometrium, oesophagus, pancreas, gallbladder and kidney cancer
red and processed meat
- increase risk of colorectal cancer
alcohol
- increase risk of mouth, pharync, larynx, colorectum, liver and breat cancer
salt
- increase risk of stomach cancer
mechanism of obesity on cancer
- high fat deposits used of estrogen synthsis via aromatase- increase risk if breast cancer
- food metabolism is linked with oxidation which increase relative oxygene species which can lead to mutations
- causes a chronic inflammatory response which is the hallmark of cancer
- leads to chtomically increase levels of insulin which stimilates cell growth
- cahnges related to mictobiome (gut bacteria) may produce additional carcinogens
preventative factors
physical activity
- resuces risk of colon and breast cancer. it also reduces obesity which is a causative factor of cancer
plant foods
- resuce risk of mouth, phylarync, larynx, ospsphagus, stomach, colorectal and lung cancer. also reduce obesity
breastfeeding
- reduce risk of breast cancer
exercise
- macmillan cancer support part of standard care 2.5 hour/ week
- physical activity after breast cancer diagnosis reduce risk of dealth, data sugests exercise reduce reoccurence rate and increases quality of life
possible mechanisms of exercise
- acts as an anti-oxident in a mannar similar to fruits and vegitables.
- small strssors turn on anti-oxidant genes
- affects gene modifications (methylation) leading to higher levels of tumor suppressor proteins
nutrients regulate gene expresion to prevent DNA d
- some detoxification genes respond to anti-oxidant
- this mean that detox genes are regulated by antioxidants
- components of food can turn on/off genes that protect us from carcinogens
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