Physics

Forces- objects change motion- change- speed-direction- changes+ acceleration

force=masssxacceleration 

(n)      (kg)        (m/s2)                                    M/S"        

acceleration= force/mass                                                      ("=2)

------------------------------------------------------

Total stopping distance= thinking distance+braking distance

breaking distance= distance car travels once breaks applies

reaction time= time needed for driver to react 

thinking distance= Durning the reaction time the car willl travel a certain distance 

Factors that effect thinking distance and reaction time 

tierdness                                                     sat nav

drugs                                                           age 

alcohol                                                        mobile phones 

over the counter drugs                                  talking to passengers

prescription drugs                                      

listening to music 

-----------------------------

Faster speed futher car travels durning reaction time 

Braking distance 

Not only depend on speed of car- worn brakes- reduces force they apply- too much force, wheels lock- car skids.

road conditions- icy- less friction- braking distance increases- worn tyers- wet roads 

--------------------------------------------

Stopping distance 

Greater at higher speeds- reason for speed limits ( one of) 

'work done' means= ennergy is being used/ transferred or transformed 

work done JOULES 

no energy tansfered= no work done 

work is allways done when a force is used to move something through a distance againtt an opposing force

Examples of doing work;

climbing stairs 

pushing a trolly

pulling a sledge 

Amount of work done- depends on force applied- and distance moved in direction of force

work done= force x distance moved in direction of force 

(joules, j)     (newtons, N)         ( metres, m)

Distance moved MUST be in same direction as force 

Power= The work done in given time OR the rate of doing work WATTS

Vehicle Power 

Cars with more powerful engine- travel- accelerate - faster. 

Less economical- use fuel quicker 

Produce more pollution 

Power of vehicle=

Power= Force x Velocity       (p= f x v)

Kinetic Energy 

anything moving- kinetic energy 

Amount of energy depends mass and velocity

Kinetic energy= 1/2   x  mass x (velocity)2 

-----------------------------------------------

Kinetic energy and braking distance 

The amount of K.E depends on v2- if velocity doubles- the K>E goes up 4 times. For a car to stop it needs to get rid of this energy and takes up 4 times as much distance to do this

Petrol/ Diesel 

- Both from crude oil, forms of fossil fuels- bad for enviroment- global warming- running out- alternative fuel- increase carbon dioxide- safe for us petrol/diseal- provides us with energy for radio, headlights and engine.

Biofuels 

- Burning- carbon dioxide- no overall increase ( plant would have absorbed same amount that is released) Not enough landscape to power all our engines- biodiesel 

--------------------------

Fuel Consumption 

Amount of fuel a car uses= fuel consumption   MPG ( MILES PER GALLON)

Fuel consumption varied depending on

Mass of car---- Streamlining----- Driving style ( agressive)----- Accelerating and braking more uses fuel 

Momentum of object depends on mass and velocity

Momentum= mass x velocity 

kg m/s          kg          m/s

p=m x v     ( p= momentum)

Momentum of object changes, there is force on the object that is given by the equation 

Force= change in momentum/ time 

Car crash- change in momentum- short time= Large forces on occupants 

Crumple zones reduce force

Paddle control= reduces amount of time diver takes hands off wheel 

ABS- Traction Control- Electric Windows- Paddle Controls- Crumple Zones 

Seatbelts absorb the energy in a collison 

Car saftey features absorb the force so that there is less force is put onto the passengers  BY:

Increasing the time taken for vehicle to stop

Increasing the stoppping distance 

Decreasing the acceleration 

The mass  of an object is the amount of it in kilograms.

Weight measures the pull of gravity in Newtons 

Weight= Mass x G 

(n)              (kg)      N/KG

---------------------------------

Drag 

Falling objects accellerate becuase of the force of gravity pulling on them- air resistance has an effect. 

Falling objects convert gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy 

Doubling mass- doubles it K.E

Doubling velocity- increases K.E by a factor of 4

8 Main Planets

A number of smaller dwarf planets 

My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets 

Mercuary                                     Uranus 

Venus                                         Neptune 

Earth                                          P= Nothing was Pluto but has been demoted 

Mars                

Jupiter 

Saturn 

All planets including dwarf planets orbit the sun

Suns powerfull gravity keeps them all in orbit

A force that makes an object move in a circular path is called a centripetal force 

-----------------

Icy comets also orbit the sun travel over a million miles ph 

------------

Black holes-- gravity so strong not even light can escape 

Immesirable number of stars 

Worm holes 

Our galaxy= Milky way- collection over 200 billion stars

Total- 50 billion galaxys in universe 

More stars in the universe than grains of sand in the entire world

Exploring space since 1960s

Probes have been sent to almost every planet- and to most large moons.

Probes- collect data- temperature- magnetic field stregnth- atmosphere- stregnth of gravity 

-----------------

Stars give out light- we can see them

Large balls of ice and dust 

Hundreds orbiting the sun 

Unlike most asteroids- highly eliptical ( squahsed circles)

The closer they get to the sun the faster they move ( the suns gravitational attaction is stronger the closer you get to it)

When they get close to the sun- solar wind metls part of the comet and a destinctive trail of debris is formed.

Pieces of rock- too small to be classes as planets- unusal shapes- mostly not sphears- gravity not strong enough- Most found inbetween orbits of mars and jupiter, inside asteroid belt.

Asteroids and comets have hi the earth- will do in future

Impacts from either have thrown large amounts of hot rock and dust into atmosphere 

Impacts often explosive- can lead to enormus country wide ( or larger ) fires. Creating more dust- may block at sun.

Devistating effect on life on earth- impact may lead to rapid climate change- resulting in extinction of some species.

Asteroids and comets have hi the earth- will do in future

Impacts from either have thrown large amounts of hot rock and dust into atmosphere 

Impacts often explosive- can lead to enormus country wide ( or larger ) fires. Creating more dust- may block at sun.

Devistating effect on life on earth- impact may lead to rapid climate change- resulting in extinction of some species.

The universe was originally smaller than an atom ( scientists believe)

There was an explosion- the universe has been expanding ever since

Evidence 

Red shift- Galaxies that are moving away from us look redder than norma- as the galaxy moves away the wavelegnth of the light it emits gets stretched, making them look redder. More distinct galaxies have larger red shifts showing that they are moving faster 

Cosmic Microwave background raditation- Scientists have detected this throughout the atmosphere. Scientists belive it is the heat of the 'big bang' 

JUST A THEORY NOT FACTUALLY CORRECT 

A huge cloud of gass called a nebula ispulled together by gravity forming a protostar 

SMALL STARS 

Protostar ----> Yellow dwarf ( like our star)-----> Red giant-----> white dwarf -----> black dwarf 

LARGE STARS 

Protistar---> blue giant-----> red super giant----> super nova-----> black hole 

                                                                                    ------> neutron star 

The star is stabe converting hydrogen unto helium + energy = Main sequece star

When the hydrogen is used up the star sweels and cools = Red giant 

The Outer layers break away ( a planetary nebula) leaving a small hot core called a white dwarf 

A large star burns hotter ( a blue giant) and runs out of fuel sooner. It expands and cools = red super giant.

It runs out of fuel- becomes unstable- blows its outer layer in en enormus explosion called SUPERNOVA .

The core of the supernova collapses to a very dense neutron star ( also called a pulsar)

Is this still has a big mass ut continues to collapse under its own gravity, the pull of gravity is so strong that nothing can escape from it not even light= BLACK HOLE 

Energy from sun- used to generate electricity 

Photocells absorb light---> convert into electricity.

Photo pannels absob light---> heat water 

---------------------

Photocells 

When light shines on a photocell- energy absorbed- electrons knocked out of silicon atoms- electrons free to flow- creating direct current. 

The amount of electricity produced by a solar cell also depends on the intensity of the light shining on it and how far the solar cell is from the light souce. 

Solar Ovens 

Solar ovens/ solar funaces- used in hot countries.

Like visable rays- infra-red rays reflected by mirrors. Large curved ( concave) mirror- used to collect rays from sun- focus them on kettle or pan for cooking- OR on a thermal tower to make electricity.

Passive Solar Heating

Some buildings- use passive solar heating

Large windows on south side- light energy passes through windows- absorbed by surfaces unside the building- heating them up.

How much energy produced depends on:

height of turbine

angle of vanes

stregnth of wind 

number of vanes 

shape of vanes

-------------

Winds are Convection currents set up in earths atmosphere by energy from sun. Kinetic energy of wind can be used to drive the wind turbines directly.

ADV---------   Renewable----no waste ---- no poluted gas emited 

DISADV----   destroy landscapes---- noisy--- kill birds--- take up room 

Carbon dioxide- produced burning fossil fuels-- power stations 

collected and stores undeground--- prevent entering atmosphere-- and contributing to global warming.

D.C-= direct current 

Always flows around a circuit in the same direction. D.C from batteries 

A.C = Alternating currents 

Flows backwards and forewards ariund a circuit- constantly changing direction e.g from sockets ( mains).

An oscilloscope can be used to compare and measure currents + voltages.

If a magnet moves into a coil of wire a current is induced in the coil- If the magnet reverses- so does the current-current only induced when the magnet is moving.

A larger current can be indicated by

More coils

Stronger magnet

Move magnet quicker

Current can also be infuced by spinning a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet 

If a magnet moves into a coil of wire a current is induced in the coil- If the magnet reverses- so does the current-current only induced when the magnet is moving.

A larger current can be indicated by

More coils

Stronger magnet

Move magnet quicker

Current can also be infuced by spinning a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet 

-------

Bicycle Dynamo 

A magnet rotates near a coil of wire so that the lines of flux are cut by the wire. The coil is wound on a soft iron core so that the magnetic field is stronger. 

Water is heated to produce steam---> steam turns the turbine----> the turbine turns the generator making electricity------> the national grid distributed electricity around the country

Energy changes 

Fossil fules ( chemical energy) ---> water/ steam ( heat energy)---> turbines ( kinetic)-------------> Generator ( electricity) 

Efficiency

Alot of energy is wasted as heat. The efficency compares how much useful energy us produced to wasted energy.

This is the system of pylons, cables and transformers that carry electricity around the country. Step-up transformers increase the voltage to about 400,000 V at the power station- this increases the current in the cables making the system more efficient. step-down transformers reduce the voltage to a safer 230 v for our homes. A.C is generated at powerstations becuase transformers fo not work with D.C

Cables above ground becuase 

Easier to fix 

Futher away

Cheeper, less work