Primate taxa
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- Created by: Elysia_Davies
- Created on: 15-05-17 17:54
Atelidae
- Platyrrhini
- Howler, Spider, Murquis, woolly monkeys
- Mexico to Argentina
- Pre-hensile tail
- Arboreal and Diurnal
- Live in dense rainforest
- multi male multi female groups
- males are philopatric (except howlers where M and F disperse)
- frugivorous
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Cebidae
- Capuchins, Squirrel monkeys
- Central and South America
- Omnivorous: fruits and insects
- Arboreal
- multi male, multi female groups
- may be seasonal or may breed throughout the year
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Calltrichidae
- Marmosets and Tamarins
- Smallest simian primates
- Arboreal
- Omnivorous: insects, fruit and gum
- twinning
- cooperative breeding: carrying of offspring, feeding offspring once weaned
- multi-male, multi-females groups
- predators: raptors, arboreal snakes and arboreal felids
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Aotidae
- Owl monkeys
- Panama, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina
- Nocturnal
- No tapetum lucidum
- Arboreal
- Frugivorous and some insects, leaves, nectar and flowers
- Predators: raptors, arboreal felids, arboeal snakes
- Monogamy
- Paternal invetsment
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Pitheciidae
- Titis, Sakis, Ukari monkeys
- South America
- Wide variety of forest habitats
- Highly arboreal
- eat large or hard fruits (difficult to get fruit pulp)
- Predators: Diurnal raptors
- Titis= monogamous
- Sakis and Ukaris live in multi-male, multi-female groups
- generally seasonal breeders
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Cercopithecidae
- Old world monkeys
- Africa and Asia
- Tropical forest and Savannah
- Most are partially omnivorous
- Generally prefer plant matter
- Some inhabit cold regions
- Two groups: Cercopethecines and colobines
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Cercopethecines
- Old world monkeys
- baboons, macaques and mangabeys
- Cheek pouches, simple stomachs
- Dental formula: 2123
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Colobines
- Old world monkeys
- folivorous, lack cheep pouches but have highly complex stomachs
- colobus, leaf monkeys and relatives
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Catarrhines
- Old world monkeys and apes
- Downward nostril, nostrils close together
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Mandrillus
- (Man)drill
- live in the rainforest in the absence of baboons
- Cameroon, Gabon, Guinea, Congo
- Omnivorous: fruits and insects
- Predators: leopards, crowned eagles, African rock pythons
- Mostly terrestrial but more arboreal than baboons
- Diurnal
- Females mate with dominant male that has brightest red signalling on face
- multi male multi female
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Colobus
- Thumb is a stump
- Herbivorous: leaves, fruit, flowers, twigs
- Range of forest habitats
- Ruminant like digestive system (colobine)
- Spend half the day resting, and a large amount of time feeding
- Predators: Crowned hawk eagle, CHimpanzees
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Proboscis
- large nosed monkey
- Endemic to Borneo Is.
- Co-exits with Orangutans
- Large
- Seasonal Frugivore/foliovore
- Predators: Crocodiles, Clouded leopards, Eagles, Monitor lizards, pythons
- Sexually dimorphic
- Swim
- predominantly arboreal, occasionally terrestrial
- One male, multi female groups
- Groups can be very large and male can be dominant for 6-8 years
- All male bands also form
- Groups can join together in large aggregations
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Rhinopithecus
- Snub nosed monkey
- Asia: Southern China, Vietnam, Myanmar
- Diet: Tree needles, bamboo, fruits, leaves
- colobinae so multi chambered stomach
- Predators: Dhole, wolf, Asiatic golden cat, leopard, golden eagle
- Sexually dimorphic
- Semi-arboreal
- One male, multi female groups = polygnous
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Semonpithecus
- e.g Semonpithecus entellus
- Terrestrial
- Forest and urban areas
- Indian subcontinent, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, (poss) Afghanistan
- Diurnal
- Herbivorous
- predators: Leopards, Dhole, Tigers, Wolves,
- Some multi-male, multi-female groups, some single one, multi-female
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Hylobatidae
- Smaller apes
- Tropical and subtropical rainforest
- Eastern Bangladesh, India, China, Indonesia
- Frugivores, twigs, leaves, insects, flowers, eggs
- Predators: leopards, large snakes, birds of prey
- Serial monogamy, polyandry (25%), polygyny
- Hylobates Lar studied by Ulrich and Sommer
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Pongo
- Borneo and Sumatra
- Opportunistic foragers: fruits, leaves, shoots, bark, insects, eggs
- Predators: Tigers, clouded leopards, Wild dogs, Crocodiles
- Dispersed polygyny
- Some sneaker males
- Birute Galdikas
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Macaca
- Most widespread primate, but none in sub-Sahara Africa
- Intricate social structure with overlapping generations
- Frugivores, and seeds, leaves, flowers, bark
- Polygynandry
- Male may attempt to monopolise though
- slight sexual dimorphism
- Some seasonality to breeding
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Macaca Sylvanus
- Barbary macque
- Atlas mountains of Algeria and Morocco
- With an introduced population in Gibralta
- Males are important for raising young
- No tail
- herbivorous and some insect eating
- Predators: Leopards, eagles, domestic dogs
- Sexual dimorphism
- Polygynandrous
- Intense sperm competition
- Seasonal breeding
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Macaca Fuscata
- Japanese macaque
- Most Northern living primate
- Omnivorous
- Predators: mountain hawk eagle, feral dogs, racoon dogs
- Sexual dimorphism
- Polygynandrous
- Seasonal breeders
- infanticide has been observed
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Cercopithecus
- Guenons (genus)
- Arboreal
- colourful
- Sub-Sharan Africa
- Fruits, seeds, insects
- Predators: Chimpanzees, Leopards, Eagles
- Slight sexual dimorphism
- Cercopithecinae so have cheek patches
- Polygynandrous
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Papio
- Baboon (genus)
- Ubiquitous but not in rainforest
- Terrestrial
- Omnivorous but mostly herbivorous
- Predators: Nile crocodile, lions, leopards, cheetas, spotted and stripped hyaenas
- Females have ano-genital swelling to incite male to male competition
- Sexual dimorphism
- Dental formula: 2123
- Quadropedal locomotion
- Polygynandry and occasional polygyny
- Most are not seasonal breeders
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Theropithecus
- Gelada (genus)
- Only foudn in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands
- Terrestrial, grasslands are threatened by climate change
- Only prinarily Grainivorous primate (grass eating)
- Diurnal
- Predators: dogs, jackals, leopards, servals, hyaenas, eagles and vultures
- polygyny
- Sexually dimorphic
- Year round breeding but the estrus of females is synchronised
- estrus is indicated by ring of red breading on hairless region of chest
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Gorilla
- Terrestrial
- Central forest of Africa- tropical and subtropical forest
- 2 species Eastern and Western
- Herbvirous- THV
- Knuckle walking
- Predators: leopards
- Dian Fossey
- Sexually dimorphic
- Polygynous
- not seasonal breeders
- Some all male bands form
- Some infanticide
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Pan Troglodytes
- forests and savannahs of West and central Africa
- omnivorous frugivores
- occasionally hunt
- Predators: leopards
- Jane Goodall
- Sexual dimorphism
- Polygynandrous
- females have sexual swelling
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Pan paniscus
- Bonobo
- Congo basin
- Omnivorous
- forests
- terrestrial and arboreal
- Predators: leopards possible crocodiles
- Polygynandrous
- knuckle walkers, but more bipedal than pan toglodytes
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Callithrix
- Monogamous
- monomorphic
- Male parental investment
- Twinning
- Central America
- Insects, fruit, leaves, gum
- predators: mustelids, felids, arboreal snakes, owls, raptors
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Sagunius
- Tamarins
- Monogamous
- Some have polyandry
- Central and South America
- Diurnal and Arboreal
- Omnivorous: fruits, insects, eggs
- Predators: felids, arboreal snakes, owls, tarsiers
- some sp. males have very large testes due to sperm competition
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Brachyteles
- Muriquis
- Atlantic forests of South East Brazil
- Have sperm competitoin so have large testes
- little sexual dimorphism
- Predators: Jaguars, Raptors
- Lond prehensile tails (Atelidae)
- Polygynandrous
- Research by Strier
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Strepsirrhines
- Lemurs and lorises
- Wet and curly nose= macrosomatic
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Haplorrhines
- Tarsiers
- New world monkeys (Platyrrhini)
- Old world monkeys (catarrhini)
- Apes
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Lemuridae
- Lemur family
- Madagascar
- Large diversity of forms
- Some have whiskers as were once nocturnal
- Predators: fossa, harrier hawk, humans
- Significant variation
- Dental formula: 2133
- Most have a tapetum lucidum
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Lorisidae
- Lorises and pottos
- S.E Asia and African
- often nocturnal
- have a tapetum lucidum
- Predators: civets, fishing cats- although different species have different predators
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Daubentonia Madagascariensis
- Aye-Aye
- Long finger to find food under bark
- large ears
- prefers dense tropical rainforest
- Madagascar
- Omnivorous: fruit, seeds, insects, nectar
- Predators: fossa, birds of prey
- Dental formulae: 1013
- Polygynandrous
- nocturnal
- Solitary
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Perodicticus potto
- Potto
- Equatorial Africa
- frugivorous but also animal prey, plant gums and insect
- Predators: palm civets
- Sexually monomorphic
- polygynous and polygynandrous mating
- Solitary and nocturnal
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Tarsiidae
- S.E Asia
- large tarsus, large eyes, large moveable ears
- nocturnal
- carnivorous: iinsects, frogs, lizards, birds
- dry nosed
- Predators: covets, arboreal snakes, monitor lizards
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Platyrrhini
- New world monkeys
- Flat nosed
- Sideways facing nostrils
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