Uni 2 Roman Life

Marriage arranged by father after consultation with mother – father chose husband

for daughter for social, business or political purposes – after both families agree,

engagement party / sponsalia takes place to celebrate and list the advantages of the

union – informal contract drawn up before witnesses to confirm engagement – gifts

exchanged especially ring for bride-to-be to wear on third finger of left hand because

of superstition – sacrifice at contract and on day of wedding – wedding day chosen

with care to avoid days of ill omen – day before bride-to-be dedicated childhood toys

to household god for divine blessing – girl’s clothes changed for the bridal gown to

symbolise her new status – bride’s hair plaited – bride given items of womanhood /

hairclips, jewellery, perfume – bride puts on veil

Amphitheatre: gladiatorial fights – brutality – skill - spectacle – variety of types of

fighting – displays of exotic wild animals – animal fights – naval battles.

Theatre: range of types of performance – comedy – farce - slapstick – mime –

tragedy – pageantry – displays of singing and dancing – skills of actors and artists.

Circus and Chariot–racing: large crowds – wide range of races 24 a day – supporting

different factions – skills of the charioteers – tension of the race – excitement – risks

of collision – bloodthirstiness.

Do not allow references to dinner parties and baths.

Dole / sportula / financial handout – assistance in law courts – advice – contacts –

jobs – clothes – set up in business – dinner invitation

One from:

Attend the salutatio – early morning greeting – attend him in public life – help to

enhance his prestige by accompanying him around the forum – give him or a

member of his family political support – vote – canvass for him – applaud speeches

– present himself to his patron in his toga – work for him for a given number of days

a year – pay him instead of working.

Nine

Reclining to eat – no cutlery – food cut up by slaves – wine diluted – different types

of food (+ examples, e.g. dormice) – more courses – live entertainment – vomitarium

– length of time – different types of elaborate sauces / garum / defructum – dining

started late afternoon – layout of room – appearance of table / low table – no plates

for diners.

Patron:

Number of clients enhanced his status in society – could bank on clients’ support in

court or political canvassing – when accompanied to forum his prestige was

increased – large numbers of clients attending salutatio increased his status – clients

preserved patron’s superiority – meant he had a large pool of supporters – clients

provided patrons with opportunities to display generosity – opportunities to display

power – provided with advice or specialist knowledge – flattery.

Clients:

Obvious benefits from food, money and dinner invitations – help from business

contacts – advice from patron – sometimes basis for real friendship – source of

support for the poor when little public provision

But: time-consuming – could be humiliating – might or might not receive aid – badly

treated at dinner parties – got different food

Accept mixed responses

A (Roman) citizen

A bulla / good luck charm / amulet

It had a broad purple stripe (man’s was plain white)

Accepting new born babies – having the right to expose new-born children –

absolute control over all members of family – possible right to execute wives and

sons – had responsibility to provide for children’s education – character training –

religious upbringing – demanded respect and obedience – sacrifice to Lares and

Penates and Vesta – libations (to Vesta) – arranged marriages – in charge of finance

/ breadwinner – responsible for family funerals

Amphitheatre: gladiatorial fights – brutality – skill - spectacle – variety of types of

fighting – displays of exotic wild animals – animal fights – naval battles.

Theatre: range of types of performance – comedy – farce - slapstick – mime –

tragedy – pageantry – displays of singing and dancing – skills of actors and artists.

Circus and Chariot–racing: large crowds – wide range of races 24 a day – supporting

different factions – skills of the charioteers – tension of the race – excitement – risks

of collision – bloodthirstiness.

Do not allow references to dinner parties and baths.

Marriage arranged by father after consultation with mother – father chose husband

for daughter for social, business or political purposes – after both families agree,

engagement party / sponsalia takes place to celebrate and list the advantages of the

union – informal contract drawn up before witnesses to confirm engagement – gifts

exchanged especially ring for bride-to-be to wear on third finger of left hand because

of superstition – sacrifice at contract and on day of wedding – wedding day chosen

with care to avoid days of ill omen – day before bride-to-be dedicated childhood toys

to household god for divine blessing – girl’s clothes changed for the bridal gown to

symbolise her new status – bride’s hair plaited – bride given items of womanhood /

hairclips, jewellery, perfume – bride puts on veil

Differences:

Arranged marriage more common – girl could get married from age of 12 – dowry

from bride’s father – ceremony started with a sacrifice – bridesmaid / pronuba joined

the right hands of the couple together – after wedding feast groom led bride to his

house – she pretends to resist – procession of torch bearers and flute players

accompanied them – bride carried spindle and distaff as symbols of married life –

three boys escorted them one carrying a hawthorn torch - guests followed singing

the marriage hymn and rude songs – spectators gave greetings of good luck –

children scrambled for small coins and nuts thrown by the groom – door posts were

smeared with fat

Similarities:

May have been arranged – engagement party – giving gifts – bridal veil – signing

wedding contract before witnesses – wedding feast – joining the hands of couple –

wedding ring on third finger of left hand – carrying the bride over the threshold.

Advantages – had control of household – slaves to do work – often influential behind

the scenes – wealthy women didn’t work – plenty of time for socialising – brought up

children – women didn’t serve in the army – weren’t in danger from Emperor – could

go to the games – and chariot racing – and baths – could be honoured as Vestal

Virgins – lots of make-up – jewellery – perfume – women of family / wealth might be

effectively independent – likewise elderly heiresses – etc.

Disadvantages – arranged marriages – at early age – had to obey husband –

dangers of childbirth – pressure to produce sons – husband may expose girl child –

denied political career – or right to vote – spinning traditional duty – sat at back of

amphitheatre – inferior education – dangerous cosmetics – more likely to be

punished for adultery etc.

Allow comments specific to poor women

Becoming a slave

Captured in war – born into slavery – victims of kidnapping by pirates / robbers –

children left to die at birth – debtors – criminals – sell self or children.

Setting free

Buy your freedom from savings from small sums given for work – rewards for loyalty

– as terms of the master’s will – as a reward for good service – in front of judge /

praetor – in front of friends and family – simple invitation to recline at dinner table –

slave could be sent a letter – master could put his name on citizens list – winning the

wooden sword as a gladiator – cap of freedom

Some industries based entirely on slave labour – teams of slaves staffed large farms –

many craftsmen were ex-slaves – household slaves vital to running the house –

slaves to cook meals – slaves to act as stewards to oversee the household – slaves to

act as hairdressers - slaves as gladiators to provide entertainment – slaves to row the

galley ships – slaves to act as tutors / slaves to escort children to school / paidagogus

– slaves to work as quarrymen – slaves working on farms threatened livelihood of

small tenant farmers – risk of slave revolts – influence of ex-slaves on households of

emperors such as Claudius – cheap labour – Greek slaves important for education

and the arts.

Well

Some legal protection – some pleasant jobs in family household – better care in family

household – relationship with family – allowed to have children – able to buy freedom

– received some pay – could be set free by master – looked after slave’s health –

could obtain citizenship after being set free – could become ex-master’s client –

popularity as a gladiator – given wooden sword of freedom as gladiator – provided

with food and shelter – reference to Pliny: allowed slaves to ‘marry’ / leave

possessions in wills – often set them free to marry them

Badly

Always under control of their masters – masters had power of life or death – subject to

harsh punishment – sometimes short life expectancy such as gladiators – unpleasant

jobs / quarries / latifundia / galleys / factories – gave evidence in court under torture –

death sentence if master killed at home – sexual abuse.

Born into slavery / kidnapped by pirates / prisoners of war / children left in open at

birth / debtors / criminals.

Cleaning –cooking – serving food – help with dressing – keeping accounts – copying

and delivering letters – lighting fires – watching the door – tending the garden –

child-care / paidagogus.

Country slaves – little or no relaxation – living in primitive barracks – suffering

whipping and corporal punishments – working in chain gangs – similar treatment in

mines and quarries – gladiators being trained to fight to the death – humiliating

treatment when being bought, naked with placards around neck – being tortured

before giving evidence in court – murder of master might mean death or torture for all

the slaves in the household – sexual abuse – not allowed to marry – branded slaves

that had tried to escape – refusing to give them their freedom – not allowed to own

possessions – little or no pay.

Freedman / libertus – master’s first two names

Yes:

Given freedom – able to make their own way in life – could become rich and powerful

– rising to positions of great influence – children of freedmen given full citizenship.

No:

Had to take part of name of his former master – had to become former master’s client

– could be humiliated at dinner parties – had to work a few days each year for his

master – had to pay respects to his master – restrictions on marriage – couldn’t stand

for election – couldn’t obtain high rank in army – was discriminated against socially.

But – being a slave wasn’t all bad – roof over head – food provided – good treatment

– regarded as member of family – occasional small payment, etc

6 or 7

Abacus 

Riding / games / physical education / how to fight / how to deal with clients / how to

run family business / sense of duty (pietas) / willingness to stand up for himself /

achievements of his ancestors.

Rhetoric / art of public speaking / writing speeches / argument / debating.

Personal attendant – constant companion – accompanied child to school –

responsible for behaviour – responsible for his appearance – taught him Greek –

personal tutor – taught him how to read – how to write – simple arithmetic

Classrooms opening out into the street – constant distraction – wooden benches – no

desks – writing tablets resting on knees – long days / from dawn to mid afternoon –

rote learning – harsh teachers – corporal punishment – firm discipline – tedious work

– limited curriculum – learning work off by heart – no week-ends, only public holidays.

Girls only had basic education – then taught by mother about how to run the

household.

Birth: Father of family informed – father picks up child from where it has been

placed – once child accepted – wreathes on doorposts – after 8/9 days day of

purification – baby named – prayers for health and happiness – eldest child took all

his father’s three names.

Marriage: Girl receives gold ring from man – presentation of dowry from girl’s father

to son-in-law to be – wedding day carefully chosen to avoid ill-omen – offering of

girl’s toys to the Lares – night before wedding girl goes to bed in her wedding-dress

– house decorated with wreathes, flowers, ribbons and laurel branches – bride’s

hair especially arranged – bride’s face veiled – matron of honour, pronuba, attends

her – sacrifices made before ceremony – omens inspected – priest presides over

ceremony – pronuba joins right hands of the couple – silent vows made – priest

blesses wheaten cake – banquet follows – groom seizes her from mother (Sabine

women custom) – procession to groom’s home – bride carrying spindle –

accompanied by three boys, one carrying torch – crowds shouting and making rude

jokes – groom’s doorway decorated with woolen strips and oil – bride carried over

threshold – pronuba gets bed ready – groom undoes special knot in brides dress in

presence of guests – guests depart.

Festival of the Liberalia on 17th March – series of short private ceremonies in the

Forum – small groups of people entering the Forum each escorting a boy –

accompanied by friends and family – aged about 15 – central figure of the occasion

– boy looking dignified but nervous – wearing white toga (toga virilis) – passers-by

greeting and congratulating boy – shaking his hand – boy no longer wearing his

boyhood toga ( toga praetexta) – dedicated old toga to the household gods – also

lucky charm, bulla, given at birth, dedicated to household gods – went to the Forum

to be registered as full citizen – name placed in the roll of his tribe – went to the

Capitol to offer sacrifices – back home for family celebration.

Before funeral:

Mourning and grief openly expressed – close relative caught dying man’s breath

with a kiss – then closed the eyes of the corpse – all present cried out dead

person’s name – body washed and anointed – dressed in fine clothes – placed on

couch in the atrium – surrounded by flowers, wreathes and candles – hearth-fire

extinguished – branch of pine or cypress placed in front of the house – body laid

out feet facing towards the door – sometimes coin placed in mouth to pay the ferry

man – sometimes wearing a wreath – body carried to the forum.

Body dressed in toga – Herald publicised funeral announcing time and place of

funeral – funeral procession led through the city – stopped at forum – declaring

dead man’s achievements – procession consisted of pallbearers – pipers – flute

players – horn players – torch-bearers – hired mourners – family of dead person –

images of ancestors carried/masks of ancestors worn – masks carried or worn by

men carried on chariots – mask carriers wearing togas appropriate to the status of

the dead man – mask carriers sit down on ivory chairs in forum during eulogy –

bodies taken outside city – placed in expensive family tombs sometimes the size of

monuments lined alongside the road.

After funeral:

Highly visible means of preserving heritage of ancestors/presence of imagines of

ancestors during procession – ashes placed in tomb – some tombs like monuments

with well cared for gardens – erection of tombstones recollecting the dead – epitaph

written praising them – festivals held in honour of the dead – parties held in the

honour of the dead – families gathered to honour the dead – dead were buried with

things they might need food, drink, clothes tools – sometimes buried with things

they enjoyed while still alive – wine poured into the tombs for the dead to drink –

image of the dead placed in wooden shrine in a conspicuous place in the house –

busts made in honour of the dead and displayed in house – construction of

sarcophagi, some very elaborately decorated.

Meals took place in the triclinium, dining room – guests seated at three couches –

three guests to each couch – host sat at top end of one couch – most distinguished

guest on his left – couches covered with mattresses for comfort – diners recline

lying forward on couch, left arm supported by cushion – plates held in left hand –

diners ate using fingers of right hand – or knives and spoons where necessary –

diners took food from central table – diners usually had three courses – first course

light appetizer – second course single meat or fish – third course dessert of fruit,

nuts or sweet cakes – but sometimes evolved into a drinking party with

entertainment master of ceremonies decided when guests could drink and in what

proportions of wine and water – wine usually watered down – entertainment could

include good conversation – gambling – acrobats – clowns – jugglers – dancers –

dwarves – poetry recitations.

Students may mention some but not necessarily all of:

Differences: Modern baths and gyms there is less emphasis on going to meet

friends and socialising – have no open air exercise areas – have no colonnade to

walk around – no libraries and museums to visit alongside them – modern

swimming pools are places to swim while Roman baths were places to clean –

unusual to have masseurs in gyms – more specific time to visit Roman baths –

slaves in attendance in Roman baths – modern gyms don’t have to use oil and

strigils to scrape off dirt – competitive element in modern swimming pools – no

hypocaust system in modern – modern gyms have more sophisticated machinery

for keeping fit – modern gyms tend to be private with membership required, Roman

baths were public – Roman baths open at midday, modern baths and gyms are

open for longer hours – male and females didn’t mix in Roman baths.

Similarities: changing rooms in both – exercise performed in both – keeping fit in

both – range of different types of exercise in both – some gyms and swimming

pools have sauna types of room – both popular places to visit – swimming pools

tend to be public just like Roman baths.

Circus and Chariot–racing: impressive size of the Circus Maximus – large

crowds – wide range of races 24 a day – support for different factions – skills of the

charioteers – popularity and support for charioteers – tension of the race –

excitement – risks of collision – bloodthirstiness of the racing – grandeur of the

setting – the thrill of the crowd – good place for meeting people – gambling – only

good seats in marble closest to the track – wooden seats higher up – standing room

only at the top – sheer size meant spectators could only recognize chariots by their

colours – execution of criminals – sometimes theatrically presented – mutilation and

killing of ‘central ‘ actor.

Colosseum: Skill of fighters – fitness of gladiators – atmosphere of crowd – variety

of types of fighters – fighting to the death – bloodthirstiness – free to enter, but

tickets not easy to obtain – enjoyment of watching favourite gladiators – crowd

participation in deciding fate of defeated fighter – anticipation of decision of

president of the games – sex appeal of gladiators – slaughter of helpless criminals

– inspection of gladiators’ weapons – displays of wild and exotic animals – beast

fights – unarmed criminals exposed to starved wild animals – trained hunters

tracking and killing quarry – mock contests – comic novelty turns with dummy

weapons – different types of gladiators fighting against each other – naval battles –

impressive appearance of the buildings – presence of emperor.

Atrium / main room / reception room / hall.

Paterfamilias / father of the family / head of the household.

Penates – Janus – Manes – Vesta – numina.

Pontifex Maximus / Chief Priest.

Not allowed: Emperor

Ritual acceptance of child into family – child wearing bulla – bulla offered to gods at

adulthood – girl sacrificing toys on night before wedding – sacrifices at weddings –

priests presiding over weddings – god, Hymen, invoked at weddings – sacrifices at

childbirth – gods invoked at funerals – taking of auspices before important activities

– special religious days for weddings and coming of age – praying to Juno at time of

childbirth – couch/bed set up for Juno – table for Hercules.

Yes

Slaves doing most of the mundane work – siesta – only working during the morning –

exercising and playing after midday – attending the baths – hosting or attending

extravagant dinner parties.

No

Getting up early – attending the salutatio at patron’s house – entertaining clients

early in the morning – accompanying patron’s to forum – early to bed – light

breakfast – light midday meal.

Stola.

Vestal Virgin.

12 – 15

Girls had little formal education – may have attended elementary education – learnt

basic education reading and writing – taught at home by a tutor – were taught Greek

and Roman literature – needlework – singing and dancing – taught to play the lyre –

gained experience in running the home, directing the slaves and supervising the

kitchens – guidance from her mother.

Definition of women as girls after marriage.

No freedom to vote – no opportunities to develop careers – were subservient to their

husbands – frequent divorce – dangers in childbirth – pressure to produce male

children – boredom – death at chariot racing and games – use of slavery – sat at

back of Colosseum.

AO3

Circus Maximus

Space between the Palatine and Aventine – permanent buildings – vast size capable

of holding 250,000 – closely packed seating area – seating men and women together

– lower tier seats made of marble and reserved – next tier made of wood – top tier

standing room only – central spine, spina, down middle of the racing area – stone

turning points – lap markers / seven large bronze dolphins/ seven stone eggs –

starter’s platform – charioteers sporting different colours – wooden starting stalls /

carceres – acrobatic displays – up to 24 races – each seven laps of 550 metre track.

Race

Charioteers wearing team colours- behind wooden-starting gates – after signal was

given by the starter, often the presiding magistrate, with a white cloth, from his

platform – slaves open gates – chariots hurtle into first lap – charioteer with reins

around his body – close to the central spine – as close a turn to the turning point,

meta, as possible – end of each lap lap-marker taken down from the spina – seven

laps – until sprint at the final lap.

Relaxation from working earlier in the day – exercise – keeping fit – variety of ball

games – wrestling – running – boxing – practising sword play – watching people

exercise – washing and cleaning – socialising – being massaged – enjoying range of

rooms in bath house – eating – going to the library – walking around the gardens.

Yes

Excitement of racing – element of competition and combat – betting – admiration for

fitness of gladiators – skill of charioteers – admiration for horses – acting skills

displayed in theatre – different types of shows in theatre – popularity of actors –

crowd involvement at Colosseum – support for different chariot teams at the Circus

Maximus – large crowds – massive stadia – high salaries for team managers –

rewards for successful competitors.

No

Bloodshed – death – cruelty – watching gladiators fighting to the death – audience

participation in deciding whether gladiator should die – crowd baying for blood –

animal fighting – theatrically staged deaths – putting criminals to death in the arena

– segregation of seating for men and women – drama having to compete against

other forms of entertainment – extreme performances of ‘pantomime’ artists –

realism of theatre.

Status from having large number of clients – status from numbers at salutatio –

display of power – flattery from clients – applause at speeches – escort through the

forum – political support – votes – canvassing from clients – share of profits from

business – jobs done for him – attendance at dinner parties – help if patron falls into

difficulties – spread of patron’s good name or reputation – support in court – leave

legacy in will.

Advantages

Set free – could vote – have his own family – own possessions – marry and make a

will – claim corn dole – be given money – be presented with clothes – be invited to

dinner – be set up in business – given business advice – given contacts – a job could

be found for him.

Disadvantages

Didn’t necessarily have the shelter and comfort of a home – not guaranteed food –

nor money – could lose security of household – lose friendship of master – might

have to make his own way in the world – didn’t have full citizen rights

Always under control of their masters – masters had power of life or death – subject

to harsh punishment – sometimes short life expectancy such as gladiators –

unpleasant jobs/quarries/latifundia/galleys/factories – gave evidence in court under

torture – death sentence if master killed at home – worked long hours – suffered

sexual abuse.

But

Some legal protection – some pleasant jobs in family household – better care in

family household – relationship with family – in the case of Pliny’s household being

allowed ‘to marry’ and ‘make a will’ – allowed to have children – able to buy freedom

– received some pay – could be set free by master – looked after slave’s health –

could obtain citizenship after being set free – could become ex-master’s client –

popularity as a gladiator – given wooden sword of freedom as gladiator – provided

with food and shelter.

At what time of day did a Roman man visit the baths?

To guard his clothes ( belongings) to rub in the oil and scrape it off/

help him wash/to carry his belongings

Oil rubbed on to skin – strigil scraped off oil and impurities

To close their pores/ prevent infection

Two from: socialise – conduct business – have a sauna – have a massage –

depilation – eat/buy snacks – walk in the gardens – look at the art – go to the library –

use the toilets- visit prostitute.

Not allowed : relax, listen to poets, shopping.

Nudity - lack of privacy– single sex – exercise – noise – use of same water in plunge

pool/unhygenic – communal toilets – theft of clothes – steam rooms –extremes of

temperature – depilation- prostitution – time needed for all facilities- allocated visiting

time.

Not allowed : crowded.

Two from: the man’s social standing/family – wealth – politics – business

Not allowed : education.

Two from: the man’s social standing/family – wealth – politics – business

Not allowed : education.

At the bride’s house.

June

Engagement party – giving gifts – bridal veil – bride marries in white dress - has

special hairstyle - signing wedding contract- before witnesses – matron of honour -

wedding feast – joining the right hands of couple - vows – wedding/engagement ring –

worn on third finger of left hand – throwing off nuts similar to confetti/rice- carrying the

bride over the threshold.

Value judgements based on some of the following:

Accepting babies into the family or having them exposed – absolute control over

household (technically could execute his wife and children) – control of sons’

education and upbringing – sacrifice to Lares and Penates/in charge of family religion

– libations to Vesta – control over slaves – deliver eulogy and light funeral pyre at

funerals – production of heir (could divorce wife and marry another young woman)-

– in charge of family property- dealings with clients- hosting dinner parties.

 Took place at about 4.00 pm in the triclinium. Guests arrived and had their feet washed

and changed into dinner sandals. They wore special dinner clothes. They reclined 3 to

a couch around a low table. There were 3 couches. Special positions for host and most

important guest. Women sometimes sat on chairs. There were 3 courses served by

slaves. Give credit for food served. They reclined on their left side and ate using their

right hands. Some Romans served different food and wine to guests according to their

status. Possible use of vomitorium. The master of ceremonies decided the proportion

of water to wine and how much should be drunk. There was live entertainment e.g

poetry recitals, acrobats, dancers, jugglers. Guests also played dice, backgammon and

knucklebones. There might be a comissatio/drinking party afterwards. Guests were

escorted home by slaves carrying torches.

List is intended only as a guide. Allow any relevant examples of any sports. More credit

for diversity of modern sports rather than using F1 all of the time.

Speed – F1 etc, horse/dog racing, speedway, boat race.

Skill of drivers /participants – F1 etc, horse racing, speedway, any other sports eg

fencing.

Support of team – football, rugby, hockey,cricket.

Betting- horse/dog racing, football.

Crashes/danger – F1 etc, speedway, steeplechasing etc

Atmosphere – any big sporting championships e.g Wimbledon, Olympics.

Chance to see famous charioteers – Bolt, Farrah, Murray.

Chance to see Emperor – Royal Ascot, Derby.

Place to meet opposite sex – Ascot, Henley.

Expect evaluative responses based on the following evidence: -

Killing of animals, gladiators, meridiani, Christians. Execution of criminals – enforced rule of

law and gave a sense of justice done. Provision of bread and games kept populace happy

and protected Emperor’s position. Christians would not offer prayers for health of Emperor ,

therefore subversive.

Size of Colosseum and special effects etc showed power of Rome.

Sense of power in deciding fate of fallen gladiators.

Entertainment value – chance to see exotic animals, marvel at skill of different types of

gladiators, naumachia. Celebrity status of gladiators Show aspect of fights with music, sets

and removal of bodies by Charon.

Prisoners of war. Many were born of slave parents and the baby then became the

property of the master. Exposed babies could be picked up and taken as slaves.

Criminals could be sentenced to slavery. Robbers and pirates abducted people and

sold them as slaves. People could sell themselves/ their children into slavery. Slaves

were actually bought at a slave auction.

Slaves were given their freedom for good long service or as a reward for a particular

deed e.g saving the master’s life. They were freed so that their former master/mistress

could marry them. Some masters wanted the money the slave had saved up to buy his

freedom. Manumission prevented the slave from giving evidence against his master in

court. Some freed old/ sick slaves to cut down the expense of looking after them.

Gladiators were awarded the wooden sword i.e freedom for fighting very well.

Offering freedom gave slaves the incentive to work hard and cut down on feelings of

resentment /rebellion.

Not allowed: advantages of having clients.

Patrons:

Gave their clients financial handouts - gave them daily food – provided them with legal

protection - assistance in the law courts –may set them up in business and share

profits – gave help to find jobs – gave financial advice- invitations to dinner – clothes

such as a new toga.

Clients:

Attendance at the salutatio (early morning greeting) - provided status from having large

number of clients – helped display of power of patron – flattery towards patrons –

applauded at speeches –escorted through the forum - gave political support – voted for

patrons – canvassed for patrons - shared any profits from business – worked so many

days for patrons or gave them money instead– attended at dinner parties – helped if

patron fell into difficulties – spread patron’s good name or reputation – gave support in

court.

Type of slave : house slaves generally had easier jobs and shorter hours

They could form good relationships with the family. Some jobs meant they were not

busy the entire time .eg hairdresser, litter bearer. Some had satisfaction eg librarian,

cook, steward, tutor. Farm slaves worked long hours and the work was hard. They

were often kept in slave barracks. Galley slaves also worked very hard. Slaves in

mines and arena had short life expectancy. But successful gladiators became rich

and famous. Master had complete control so some punished harshly and abused

slaves but masters like Pliny provided medical treatment, and recognised ‘marriages’

and wills within his household. Some masters were poor and couldn’t provide good

food but others were rich and lived in fine townhouses and villas. Behaviour of other

slaves eg all killed if one murdered master. Vilicus often in charge of slaves on

master’s behalf. The slave’s own temperament.

Getting up very early. Simple breakfast. Supervising slaves or doing the housework if poor. Looking after children and teaching daughters to be good wives. Spinning, weaving and making clothes. Shopping, visiting the baths/ friends. Ornate hairstyle and makeup but helped by slaves. Some makeup dangerous. Poor women may have run market stalls, worked in inns, fetched water. 

Getting up very early. Simple breakfast. Supervising slaves or doing the housework if poor. Looking after children and teaching daughters to be good wives. Spinning, weaving and making clothes. Shopping, visiting the baths/ friends. Ornate hairstyle and makeup but helped by slaves. Some makeup dangerous. Poor women may have run market stalls, worked in inns, fetched water. 

Two from: slaves – condemned criminals – prisoners of war – volunteers who were in debt/ wanted fame and excitement. 

Shape – theatre semicircular,amphitheatre elliptical/circular.
Size –Amphitheatre bigger.

Amphitheatre always free standing.
Performers on stage with audience in front of them at theatre but in an amphitheatre they performed in the middle with audience all around them.
Women had to sit at the back in the Colosseum.
Type of performance – theatre plays, mime, jugglers etc. in theatre.Gladiators, beast fights, naval battles etc. in amphitheatre. 

Positive and negative comments about: type of plays, mimes, pantomimes, visibility and acoustics, masks/costumes, shade provided by awning, refreshment of sparsiones, comfort of seats, seating according to status, heat, noise, crowds, audience reaction, displays of cruelty/obscenity, reality eg death of Icarus. Lack of female actors. Cost 

Mourning and grief openly expressed – close relative caught dying man’sbreath with a kiss – then closed the eyes of the corpse – all present cried out dead person’s name – body washed and anointed – dressed in fine clothes – placed on couch in the atrium – surrounded by flowers, wreathes and candles – hearth-fire extinguished – body laid out feet facing towards the door – sometimes wearing a wreath body carried to the forum.

Body dressed in toga – herald publicised funeral announcing time and place of funeral – funeral procession led through the city – stopped at forum – declaring dead man’s achievements – procession consisted of pallbearers – pipers – flute players – horn players – torch-bearers – hired mourners – family of dead person – images of ancestors carried/masks of ancestors worn – masks carried or worn by men carried on chariots – mask carriers wearing togas appropriate to the status of the dead man – bodies taken outside city – placed in expensive family tombs sometimes the size of monuments lined alongside the road.

After funeral:
Highly visible means of preserving heritage of ancestors/presence of imagines of ancestors during procession – ashes placed in tomb – some tombs like monuments

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MARK SCHEME – GCSE CLASSICAL CIVILISATION – 40202H – JUNE 2017

with well cared for gardens – erection of tombstones recollecting the dead – epitaph written praising them – festivals held in honour of the dead – parties held in the honour of the dead – families gathered to honour the dead – dead were buried with things they might need food, drink, clothes, tools – sometimes buried with things they enjoyed while still alive – wine poured into the tombs for the dead to drink – image of the dead placed in wooden shrine in a conspicuous place in the house – busts made in honour of the dead and displayed in house – construction of sarcophagi, some very elaborately decorated. 

Students may mention some but not necessarily all of:
Accepting newborn babies into the family – having the right to expose new-born children – absolute control over all members of family – right to execute wives and sons – had responsibility to provide for children’s education / character training/ religious upbringing – demanded respect and obedience – provided money for family – provided prestige for family – continued the mos maiorum (family traditions) of family – oversaw prayers, sacrifices and libations at the lararium (household shrine) – helped sons with their coming of age celebrations – arranged marriages for their daughters– disciplined slaves 

Personal religious practice: Belief in family Genius – daily worship of Vesta – worship of Lares and Penates – poured libations at meals – personal worship in temples – made sacrifices before lararium – taking auspices on important occasions – invoking oaths- informality.

Reaction to imported religions: Persecution and tolerance of: Christianity – Isis – Mithras – Judaism

Superstition: Reaction to omens – portents – primitive family religion

State cult religion: Worship of emperors – importance of Vestal Virgins – importance of Pontifex Maximus – importance of colleges of priests – political role of priests

Traditional gods: importance of Roman gods – temples – shrines – holidays – rituals – sacrifices

Role of religion in important times of life: birth – coming of age – marriage – death 

Not compulsory and not provided free by state – mainly single sex – later starting age – and earlier leaving age – small classes – mixed ages – mainly single sex – girls taught at home by mothers – one teacher ( male) who had no formal qualifications – limited curriculum with little art or music, emphasis on rhetoric in third stage – much rote learning and original thinking not encouraged, harsh discipline and corporal punishment allowed, no formal testing, no government involvement, no purpose built school – materials used abacus, scrolls, wax tablet – paedagogus – timing of school day 

List is only a guide. Students may produce different arguments.
Not compulsory and not provided free by state – poor could not afford to go. Parents may be unwilling to pay. Local
Mainly single sex – no distractions.
Later starting age – and earlier leaving age – less time to learn. Today’s education from 3 years old may be considered too early.
Small classes –more individual attention.
Mixed ages – not all of the lesson was relevant to all pupils.
Girls taught at home by mothers – discrimination but did learn what they needed for their lives.
One teacher who had no formal qualifications –no specialist education.
Limited curriculum with little art or music – boring but basic literacy and numeracy taught.
Emphasis on rhetoric in third stage – good for careers in politics and law courts. Much rote learning effective way to learn ?
Original thinking not encouraged.
Harsh discipline and corporal punishment allowed – no discipline problems but pupils afraid.
No formal testing – less stress but hard to measure progress.
No government involvement – no control of what was taught.
No purpose built school – open air lessons more pleasant but many distractions. Materials used abacus – quick and efficient. Scrolls – difficult to hold, find place and easily ripped. Wax tablet –reusable but couldn’t keep work.
Paidagogus –helped with lessons and homework. Kept order.
Timing of school day – had to get up very early but more free time in afternoon. 

slavery – severe beatings, branding, evidence only allowed under torture, sexual exploitation
men and animals died in the arena, no safety rules in chariot racing, capital punishment, public executions

patron/ client system with no government help for poor
worship of many gods, sacrifices, vestal Virgins buried alive if unchaste, religious persecution.
prostitution
attitude to women – under control of paterfamilias, arranged marriages, not as well educated.
exposure of unwanted children.
nakedness at baths/ sanitation at baths
funeral customs e,g removal and burial of limb.