russia:- very large, hard to govern. backward in comparison to other european powers. autocratic, no constitution, majority of population were illiterate - peasants.
*saw the need to industrialize and modernise-military and judicial reform.
*Emancipation of the serfs - 1861 peasants had no obligations to nobles / peasants were given 50% of the agric. land / the nobles were compensated through taxes (redemption payments) for the loss of land / the commune (Mir) became a basis for tax collection & distribution of land
Zemstvo - elected councils
ASSASSINATED BY PEOPLES WILL 1st march 1881 same day he allowed russias first constitution
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