Sociology

Butler Act (1994) -- tripartite system; grammar schools = academically able / secondary modern = people who didnt get in / technical \ 11+ test - middle class

Forster Act (1870) -- creating elementary schools to replace church schools. all could access free schooling till 10 years old.

Hargreaves (1967) -- the class differences in grammar schools and secondary moderns was reappearing in comprehensives

Francis (2000) -- boys no longer consider thereselves more able than girls as was the case in the 70s and 80s / boys are more likely to have unrealistic career aspirations and dont require academic success

Pirie (2001) -- O-levels = boys exams / GCSE & coursework = girls exams

Hauqe and Bell (2001) -- recent arrival to the UK = negative effect on performance

Wiener (1995) -- teachers have more forcefully challenged stereotypes. text books = no sexist images anymore

Hargreaves (1982) -- british schools fails to transmit shared values

Becker (1971) -- IDEAL PUPIL = conforms to middle class behaviour / teachers perceive middle class behaviour as commitment to study working class behaviour as undisipline / hold different expectations of ability - self fulfilling prophecy

Hannan (2000) -- school is a language experience. girls = leisure time to talk. boys = active, disadvantage, no talking.