Convergence: Speech moves closer to that of other person and decreases social distance. (upwards/downward convergence)
Divergence: People's speech styles move further apart, emphasises differences between people.
Mutual Convergence: Both participants converge towards each other.
This is seen in 'A Streetcar Named Desire' with Blanche and Stanley.
An example is their argument in scene 2 about the loss of Belle Reve.
1 of 5
Grices Maxims of conversation
Created by Paul Grice
Quality: Should tell the truth, do not lie
Quantity: Should be as informative as required, information given should not be too much or too little, not too much waffling or one word answers
Relevance: Relate clearly to purpose of exchange
Manner: Be clear, orderly and brief, avoid obscurity and ambiguity
2 of 5
Politeness principles
Leech: minimise the cost and maximise the benefit to the other
Goffman: 'face' e.g forms of address, formality, turn taking etc
Brown and Levinson: positive politeness (showing someone they are well-liked) and negative politeness (avoid intruding on other' lives; indirect, apologetic and respectful)
Lakoff: don't impose, give options, make your receiver feel good
3 of 5
Keith and Shuttleworth- Men and Women Talk
Women: talk more, talk too much, more polite, indecisive/hesitant, complain and nag, ask more questions, support each other, more co-operative
Men: swear more, don't talk about emotions, talk about sport more, talk about women and machines in same way, insult each other frequently, competitive in conversation, dominate conversation, speak with more authority, give more commands, interrupt more
4 of 5
Robin Lakoff- Women's language
Hedges, use super polite forms, tag questions, speak 'in italics'
Empty adjectives, hypercorrect grammar and pronunciation, direct quotations
Special lexicon, question intonation in declarative statements, imperatives
Speak less frequently, overuse qualifiers, apologise more, modal constructions
Avoid course language/expletives, indirect commands and requests, more intensifiers and lack a sense of humour
Comments
No comments have yet been made