travel and tourism unit 1

LEISURE: Travelling for pleasure in free time, holiday or taking a break.

EXAMPLE: Going to Ibiza for 2 weeks in the summer to realx on the beach.

DEFINITION: When travelling somewhere which is not their country of residence. (Tourist coming into a country)

EXAMPLE: Someone from another country travelling to Spain.

DEFINITION: when leaving their country of residence. (leaving home country for tourism purpose)

EXAMPLE: Someone from Italy travelling to another country.

DEFINITION: People who are travelling within their own country for tourism purposes.

EXAMPLE: someone visiting historic places in the same location they live in. someone from Mallorca visiting the Bellver castle.

DEFINITION: Travelling to attend to a meeting, conference or event linked with their business or job. (Travelling for the purpose of work)

EXAMPLE: Someone from the UK travelling to Japan for a business meeting.

DEFINITION: All inclusive trips, include accommodation, transport and transfer.

EXAMPLE: 

• Flight, hotel and transfer from the airport to the hotel all in one whole price.  
• Someone going to a resort with all inclusive services, food, drink, activities...

DEFINITION: Travelling for the purpose of participating in extreme sports or thrill seeking activities.

EXAMPLE:

• Travelling to New Zealand to sky dive.
• travelling to Hawaii to swim with sharks.

DEFINITION: Thoughs who arrange their own accommodation, transport, activities... without using the help of travel profesionals.

EXAMPLE: Booking a hotel room directly with the hotel.

DEFINITION: (Visiting Friends and Relatives) unlikely to spend as much on tourism as they are not staying in hotels.

EXAMPLES: Going to a family christmas dinner in another location.

• The value of one currency against another, known as the exchange rate.
• The value of the sterling against another currency affects the cost of travelling to the UK for inbound tourists.
• Appeal increases when the sterling is weak, as they get more pounds for their money.
• If the sterling is strong, they get less pounds and are unlikely to visit the UK.
• Fluctuation can effect TO's beacuse prices they have agreed with hoteliers and transporters in other countries will increase/decrease in line with currency movements.
• Same with fuel, this can be avoided by agreeing a fix price in advance. 

• Natural disasters such as hurricanes, volcanic erruptions, Tsunamis, earquakes...
• These can cause deaths, loss of money, loss of  infrastructures like hotels and attractions.
• Japan's 2011 earthquake followed by a Tsunami. 2,300 deaths. Cost $235 billion
• Reluctance of many tourists to return to the area.
• Even minor climate change affects tourism.
• If there is a particularly hot summer in the UK there is usually an increase in domestic tourism and a corresponding decrease in outbound tourism the next year.

• New York (world trade center) 9/11 attacks.
• Bombings in London and Madrid underground.
• War/civil unrest: ISIS (thousands of Syrians fleeing to European countries for refuge status.
• This leads to a loss of tourism in this destinations, tourists lose confidence to travel and afraid to fly.

• Refers to the state of the country's finance.
• If the country has a strong economy, levels of emloyment are high, so peoples income will be higher and more spending occurs, further boosting the economy. (Germany)
• if the economy is poor, levels of unemployment are high, income is low so spending is low too. (Syria) 

DEFINITION: When a service has an end date.

EXAMPLE: A seat on a plane, hotel room, train seat is empty and does not sell. if a plane seat is booked, it has to be used of the day of they flight, otherwise it can't be used. it has perished.

DEFINITION: You can't touch a tourism service.

EXAMPLE: Holidays can only be experienced. TO's use websites and online brochures to make products more tangible.

DEFINITION: Demand is seasonal.

EXAMPLE: Mallorca's most popular times are from May to October.

DEFINITION: No physical product, no transfer of ownership. 

EXAMPLE: Use/purchase of aeroplane seat/hotel room.

DEFINITION: These are pull factors, they give us the desire to travel to a destination.

EXAMPLE: Relaxation, appreciate new and different cultures, sun, rest, socialising, escaping everyday life, activities...

DEFINITION: Reasons that influence whether you can go on holiday.

EXAMPLE:

• Money = Affordability
• Time = Holiday leave - Dates of travel
• Availability of travel = Modes of transport - air, sea, road, rail.
• Marketing of a destination = Advertising/promoting special deals.

DEFINITION: Made up of older people who are fit and healthy and have plenty of time and avalible funds to travel.

(OAP's - Old Age Pensioners)

DEFINITION: Encourages independent bookings and travel arrangements.

EXAMPLES:

• Booking online/self-check-in online.
• Online brochures
• Research, development and design (new products. 

DEFINITION: this occurs when 2 companies in the Chain of distribution merge together or a bought out. If a TO buys a hotel or a TO buys a TA.

EXAMPLE:

• Thomas Tui and Riu Hotels (hotels)
• Thomas Tui and Thomsonfly (airlines)

DEFINITION:This occurs when companies are bought out or merged at the same level in the chain of distribution.

EXAMPLE:

• One travel agency buys another travel agency (Firstchoice and Thomson)
• One TO buys another TO (Thomas Cook and Co-operative Travel)

DEFINITION: Organisations that work together to benefit eachother for income and customers.

EXAMPLE: Tourists information center in Palma sells tickets for the hop on - hop off busses.

• Represents indenpendent TO's specialise in specific destinations and types of holidays.
• An AITO member arranges financial protection for your holiday.
• AITO members monitos quality standards - every customer recives a post-holiday questionnaire and the results are analysed in-depth by the TO.
• Customers can also leave feedback in the AITO's website or directly with the TO they booked the holiday with.
• Their websites and brochures clearly and accuraly describe the holiday and services provided.

• Represents TA's and TO's that sell £32 billion of holiday packages each year.
• All members must provide accurate information about holiday packages each year.
• All members can provide accurate information and advice on passport, visa and health reqirements. (like a pregnent women)
• Can offer alternative accommodation, if building was under construction or maintainance work and is affecting the customers holiday.
• A refund of your holiday cost, if there is a significant flight delay and you do not wish to travel anymore.
• Members of ABTA have the advantage of the ABTA brand recognition.

• When you book a holliday thst is ATOL protected, customers will be give an ATOL certificate from the travel company.
• This is customer protection guarantee.
• ATOL protects the customer from losing money or becoming stranded abroad if a travel company collapses.
• If the company collapses before customer leaves the country, scheme will provide a full  refund.
• ATOL protection includes:

Flights + accommodation / flights + car hire ]- tailor made

• Consumers should check before booking that the TA has ATOL protection logo (check website/brochures)
• Get the ATOL certificate, proof that you are covered you book a holiday and pay any money towards it.

Reliable = Check flight's details

Cheap = €8 (1-way)

Quick = Route planner

Caters for many groups = Like families, couples groups...

Variety of options of vehicle = Limo, shuttle bus (cheapest option), minivan (approx. 12 people.) 

• Book online.
• Mobile check-in.
• No free food/drink.
• Cheap airfares.
• Cabin luggage 10kg limit.
• Short haul flights (mainly).
• No on-board entertainment.
• Self check-in saves on admin and staff cost.
• Pay extra for luggage over 10kg.

• Cut jobs (temporary contracts/seasonal)
• Shorten the flight season (UK-Mallorca March to October, Rayanair)
• Plan fewer flights per day/week
• Increase prices to cover cost of fuel
• Reduce cabin crew on flights to save money on salaries/over night accommodation (long haul flights over 5 hours)
• On-line check-in is compulsory, saves admin cost.
• Increased luggage charges = moves profit and cover the cost of fuel.

• Provide numerous products/services.
• Sell and book tickets for attractions (hop on - hop off buses)
• Sell souveniers ( key rings, fridge magnets, hats and t-shirts)
• Give advice on car rentals/bikerentals.
• Offer guided walks and tours.
• Educate tourists on the area (displays and exhibitions.)
• Brochures and flyers for attractions.

• Internet bookings
• Increase in low-cost airlines
• More independent bookings
• TO's have very competitive packages
• Promotions by airlines + TO's + TA's to attract tourists at last minute
• Call center-specialised staff
• Mobile/app technology (Passbook)

DIRECT:

• Cabin crew
• Travel agent
• Tour guide
• TO customers ervice agent
• Hotel recepcionist

INDIRECT:

• Holiday insurence providers
• Printers of holiday brochures/flyers

• National Tourist Office responsible for promoting Britain as a tourist destination to overseas markets through marketing campaigns.
• To grow the value of the domestic market by encouraging tourists to take short and long haul breaks in Britain (working with hoteliers and airlines)
• To work in partnerships with the national and regional tourist board (northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales to built up the British Tourist Industry.
• Advise government and the In dustry on tourism issues affecting Britain global competitiveness.