urbanisation

• Water and air pollution
• Increased traffic
• Loss of agriculture
• Increased car dependency: bad for the environment
• Degraded human health
• Increased water consumption
• Crowded schools
•  Loss of open spaces
• Lack of housing
• Inflation
• High crime rate

•    London congestion charge it is a charge you pay when entering central London it makes people not want to come into central London (7-22 pounds)

•   Park and ride scheme - Park and ride facilities are parking lots with public transport connections that allow commuters and other people heading to city centers to leave their vehicles and transfer to a bus, rail system-people leave their cars outside central London so there is less traffic and so more people use public transport

•  Barclays bikes - these can be found all over central London you can rent a bike 

•   Extension of tube rail means that more people will come to form outer London into central London by tube instead of by car meaning there will be less traffic 

• Free OAP and student transport - if you are a student or an older person you can get a pass that allows you to use free public transport this means more people will use busses and trains and roads won't be as bus

• Redeveloping a Brownfield site not only boosts the economy by creating jobs and lifting property prices, but it improves the environment and creates a safer, healthier space.
• Bringing a Brownfield site back into use prevents ‘urban sprawl’ thereby reducing traffic.
• Brownfield redevelopment can be cheaper because vital infrastructure (drainage, electricity, roads, transport networks, etc.) already exists.
• More likely to get planning permission
• Cheaper as don't have to put road access and drainage in
• Stop city expansion as already in the city
• Closer to the CBD

•  Often being on the edge of towns and cities, Greenfield sites may be a more pleasant environment and have less congestion.
• There are no clean-up costs associated with Greenfield sites.
• Encourage commuting and traffic congestion as people travel into urban areas from the countryside.

• Air pollution
• Water pollution/ shortage
• Increase in crime rates because of a shortage of employments
• Shortage of housing
• Squatter settlements/slums
• Littering
• Dying sea life
• Noise pollution
• Urban sprawl - conflict because more people are moving to smaller towns and spreading out
• Increasing traffic

• Brain drain - rural areas lose highly skilled workforce

• Lack of water
• Lack of food
• Feeling unsafe
• No community
• Underdeveloped
• Food shortages
• Deserts expanding - less farming
• Lack of employment
• Many diseases
• Low life expectancy
• Lack of education after 14

• Jobs
• Better quality of life
• More developed
• More informal jobs available
• Higher pay
• More promotions
• More higher education
• Access to technology
• Better future

• Jobs
• Better quality of life
• More developed
• More informal jobs available
• Higher pay
• More promotions
• More higher education
• Access to technology
• Better future

• Pollution
• Adds to emissions
• often built on hillsides, rain causes flash floods which cause landslides so homes can get damaged
• Sewage open in drains and dirty water causes a health risk
• Poor sanitation 
• Inadequate  housing
• Overcrowding
• Spreading of diseases
• houses can be very small with several people living inside
•  aren't safe as there are crime, drug trafficking, and violence
• More higher education available
• More people coming to work
• Loss of skilled workers in rural areas
• More people working in informal jobs
• Poorly paid work

• Rehousing scheme
• Self-help scheme - giving them materials - local authorities help the squatter settlement residents to improve their homes by offering loans or grants
• Water and sanitation project

• Site and service: the land is divided into plots and water sanitation, electricity is supplied before any building begins

• a dispersed settlement pattern is where the buildings are spread out and is often found in upland areas

• a nucleated settlement pattern is where a lot of buildings are grouped together and is often found in lowland areas

• a linear settlement pattern is where the buildings are built in lines and is often found on steep hillsides.

• counter urbanization is when large numbers of people move from urban areas into surrounding countryside or rural areas. 
• Regeneration- When an area has been completely transformed by the refurbishment of the buildings and landscape.
• Gentrification -the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process.
• Deindustrialization -the reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy.
• Reurbanisation Developing urban areas by building new buildings and revitalizing old ones.
• Informal sector: jobs that are created by people but not recognized officially such as doing someone's washing
• depopulation - the condition of having reduced numbers of inhabitants 

Urbanization -  an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. 

Squatter settlements - areas of cities built by people of any materials they can find also known as shanty towns or favelas

Case study MEDC - London 

Case study LEDC - kibera, kenya 

• Commuter settlement - a place where people live and travel elsewhere to work
• Greenbelt - an area around a city where development is restricted so towns and cities don’t merge
• Rural/ urban fringe - the area at the very edge of the city beside the countryside
• urban sprawl - the growth of towns and cities spreading and taking over parts of the countryside
• derelict -  in a very poor condition as a result of disuse and neglect.