Birmingham - migration

National migration 

Explain migration for better job prospects 

Move for jobs, second city after London, lots of economic opportunities, lots of financial employment, international businesses due to the airport 

Explain migration for studying 

High education rate + accessibility, 4 big uni's - one is part of the Russell group so it is very old, well established and difficult to get into, Aston uni is the best business and economy in the country, there are lots of private schools including the best private girls school, lots of normal schools and colleges 

Explain migration for retirement 

Migration from Birmingham because it is such an industrial city, its busy, noisy, high crime rate and elderly people want a quieter and more peaceful retirement 

How does retirement link to the cycle of urbanisation - which part is it?

Sub-urbanisation/counter-urbanisation 

International migration 

Explain the historic immigration in Birmingham 

Major immigration happened from Ireland during the great potato famine (1845-1849) as well as many Jewish people were fleeing religious discrimination in the 18th and 19th century 

Explain the 1950s and 1960s immigration (and what countries)

Postwar commonwealth immigration - in the decades following WW2 immigration from the commonwealth of nations and beyond increased as employment opportunities increased - Jamaica, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh 

Explain the 1990s immigration in Birmingham (and what countries)

Fleeing conflict - conflict around the world lead to many nationalities seeking asylum in Birmingham - Yugoslavia (Balkans), Somalia, East Africa and later Iraq and Afghanistan

Explain the 2000s immigration in Birmingham (and what countries) 

EU expansion - migration from the A8 eastern European countries that joined the EU in May 2004 allowed them to travel visa-free - Czech Republic, Estonia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania  

How has international migration impacted Birmingham?

Boost the economy - migrants often do the jobs that nobody else wants to do, create a more ethnically diverse area, overcrowding - lots of people living in a house(illegal)/area, services have more pressure of them because there are more people and they might need translators 

Where is Sparkbrook/What is it?

SE in inner city, relatively poor area (but somewhat better now because of Aston…