MODULE 2 SPECIFICATION NOTES
- Created by: bizzieconnor
- Created on: 25-05-17 12:02
Module 2: Foundations in biology
2.1-Foundation in biology
2.1.1-cell structure
a) the use of microscopy to observe and investigate different types of cell and cell structure in a range of eukaryotic organisms
Advantages
Disadvantages
Magnification
resolution
Uses
Light
Cost - relatively cheap
Easy to use
Portable - can be used in the field and labs
Can study whole living specimens
Limited resolution
Lower magnification
Poor surface view of specimen
Up to x1500 however, some use x2000
Limited resolution
Look at bacteria and used and see the cell as a whole not the individual components
transmission electron
TEMs offer the most powerful magnification, potentially over one million times or more
TEMs have a wide-range of applications and can be utilized in a variety of different scientific, educational and industrial fields
TEMs provide information on element and compound structure
Images are high-quality and detailed
TEMs are able to yield information of surface features, shape, size and structure
Some cons of electron microscopes include:
TEMs are large and very expensive
Laborious sample preparation
Potential artefacts from sample preparation
Operation and analysis requires special training
Samples are limited to those that are electron transparent, able to tolerate the vacuum chamber and small enough to fit in the chamber
TEMs require special housing and maintenance
Images are black and white
x 2 million
0.2 nanometres
o view thin specimens (tissue sections, molecules, etc.) through whichelectrons can pass generating a projection image
Scanning electron
its wide-array of applications, the detailed three-dimensional and topographical imaging and the versatile information garnered from different detectors
Expensive, large and must be housed in an area free of any possible electric, magnetic or vibration interference.
Between x15 to x200 000
0.4 nanometres
Medical profession e.g. observation of fungal filaments for a patient with fungal corneal infection
Biological research
b) the preparation and examination of microscope slides for use in light microscopy
What are the measurements used for an eyepiece graticule?
Eyepiece units (EPU)
What is an eyepiece graticule?
Fitted with the microscope eyepiece
Transparent with a small ruler
How does an eyepiece graticule work when a specimen is viewed?
The eyepiece graticule is superimposed onto the specimen and then, the specimen can be measured
The eyepiece graticule uses an arbitrary scale - what does this mean?
An arbitrary scale means that it represents different lengths at different magnifications, yet the actual size of the specimen has not changed
What is used to calibrate the eyepiece scale?
A stage graticule - the eyepiece scale must be calibrated for each different objective lens
How is the ruler on the stage graticule divided up?
1mm long - divided into 100 divisions
each division is 0.01 mm or 10 micrometres
c) the use of staining in light microscopy
A lot of biological material inside a cell isn’t coloured, so it might be difficult to distinguish between different features. Coloured stains are used to stain specimens for use with the light microscope. Chemicals which bind…
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