Respiration system

Anatomy of the respiration system 

• Consists of the structures used to aquire oxygen (O2)
• Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from blood 
• Oxygen is needed for the body's cells to synthesize the chemical energy molecule ATP
• Carbon dioxide is a by-product of ATP production and must be removed from the blood 
• Increased levels of C02, will lower pH of blood
• Blood pH must be maintained  within relatively narrow limits to maintain homeostatis. 

Functions of the respitory system 

• Ventilation and respitory occur in diffrent regions of the respitory tract 
• Respitory tract is seperated into two regions (Upper respitory tract, contains larynx) and the lower respitory tract (trachea and alveoli and lungs)
• Infections of the upper respitory tract are common
• Upper and lower respitory tract can be subdivided between structures used for ventillation and structures used for respiration. 
• Conducting zone encompasses the structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs and is strictly for ventilation. 
• Respitory zone is solely within the lungs and includes some specialised small air tubes and alveoli
• Gas exchange occurs within the respiratory zone.

Behaviour of gases

• Ventilation is simply the movement of air into and out fof lungs 
• Two primary aspects to ventilation; 1) actions of the muscles of respiration 2) air pressure 

Pulmonary volumes and capacities

• Spierometry is the process of measuring volumes of air that moves into and out of the respiration system
• Spirometer is the device used to measure the pulmonary volumes 
• Four diffrent pulmonary volumes measured in spirometery. 
• Tidal volume - the tidal volume is the normal volume of air inspired and expired with each breath. At rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of 500mL
• Inspiratory reserve volume - the inspiratory reserve volume is the amount of air pressure that can be inspired forcefully after a normal inspiration (3000mL at rest)
• Expiratory reserve volume - the expiratory reserve volume is the amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a normal expiration (1100 at rest)

Partial pressure 

• Mechanisms beghind movement of 02 into the blood and CO2 out of the blood, we must know how the amount of gas in a mixture of gases is meaured. 
• Atmospheric pressure is due to a mixture of gases, each of which is present in a diffrent amount
• Term pressure is used to express the amount of gas in a mixture
• Concentration is for solutes 
• Dalton's law - the total pressure of a gas is the sum of the individual pressures of each gas
• Individual pressure of each gas is called the partial pressure 
• At sea level, the pressure of all the gases in the air, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg

Blood supply to lungs 

• Blood that has passed through the lungs and picked up O2 is called oxygentated blood, blood that has passed through the tissues and released some of its O2 is called deoxygentated blood. 

Lymphatic supply to the lungs 

• Lungs have two lymphatic supply 1) superficial lymphatic vessels 2) deep lymphatic vessels 
• Superficial lymphatic vessels are deep to…