Sociology Education Topic 1 - Researcher Names:

Topic 1 - Class differences in achievement (1) external factors:

Hubbs-Tait et al - where parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding, cognitive performance improves

Feinstein - educated parents are more likely to use language in this way. They also use praise.

Bereiter and Engelmann - claim that the language used in lower-class homes is deficient 

Bernstein - restricted code and elaborated code 

Douglas - working-class parents places less value on education

Feinstein - parents' own education is the most important factor affecting children's achievement

Bernstein and Young - middle-class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys

Sugarman - working-class subculture has 4 key features; fatalism, collectivism, immediate gratification, present-time orientation.

Keddie - cultural deprivation is a 'myth', victime-blaming explanation. Working-class children are culturally different.

Troyna and Williams - problem is not the child's language but the school's attitude towards it - Speech heirarchy.

Blackstone and Mortimore - working - class work more so can not attend parent's evenings 

Flaherty - money…