nil, palpitations, chest pains, heart failure (the CO is insufficient because of the arrhythmia), syncope
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what is fibrillation
uncoordinated electrical activity/contraction= the heart beats not evenly spaced out
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what is atrial fibrillation
instead of normal contraction, the electrical signal is just wobbling around and the blood is not flowing well around the atria because of the fibrillation
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what other cardiovascular diseases are associated with atrial fibrillation
heart failure, angina, HBP
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what drugs are used to control atrial fibrillation
atrial fibrillation increases risk of A. patient should be on B if no contraindications
A= stroke
B= anticoagulant
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what are the symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia
unpleasant, palpitations, chest pains and breathlessness
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what are the treatments for SVT
at time: vagal manoeuvres, carotid sinus massage, drugs (adenosine)
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what does adenosine do
blocks AV node temporarily
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what drugs are used to prevent SVT, how does surgery play a part in prevention of SVT
Drugs: ameuderone, flecanide
surgery: to oblate the focus of abnormal tissue produced in SVT
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what are the causes of bradycardia ?
age (the older the more common) problems with AV node or the atria, ischaemia, drugs (beta blocker or calcium channel blocker: iatrogenic bradycardia), may be physiological (athletes) check normal heart rate.
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what problems arise due to bradycardia ? <40
dizziness and blackouts
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what is an asystole
Complete absence of an electrical signal
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what is the treatment of bradycardia
Remove underlying cause (often drugs)
May require pace-maker (in right atrium+ ventricle to give a normal rhythm 60-80 Beats per min)
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what is the cause of ventricular arrhythmias?
Usually ischaemic heart disease (including heart attack/ MI (Acute)- may trigger VA)
Drugs (that prolong the Q-T interval) Congenital
Electrolyte disturbances (high blood potassium, hypercallimia
the rhythm is VT but no cardiac output and these people are in cardiorespiratory arrest and need emergency treatment and defibrillation
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if a patient has an episode of VT/VF what should be done?
VT: immediate- hospitalisation for defibrillation/ drugs
CPR if not breathing normally and unresponsive
long term: drugs, ICD
VF: immediate- CPR and rapid defibrillation
long term: as as for VT
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What does an implantable cardioverter defibrillator do
it doesn’t pace the rhythm but it senses the rhythm of HB and if abnormal it will defibrillate the myocardium directly and get the person out of VT/ VF
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symptoms of patients with arrhythmias
light- headedness/collapse
chest pain
breathlessness
sweaty, distressed
particular concerns (HR<40,>150, history of collapse and hypotension)
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how to manage patients with arrhythmias (3 options)
ABCDE appoarch, hospitalisation, AED pads and switch on for cardiac arrest
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where would you find a pacemaker
left upper chest wall, below the clavicle
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what are the arrhythmias symptoms
Back
nil, palpitations, chest pains, heart failure (the CO is insufficient because of the arrhythmia), syncope
Card 3
Front
what is fibrillation
Back
Card 4
Front
what is atrial fibrillation
Back
Card 5
Front
what other cardiovascular diseases are associated with atrial fibrillation
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