3BDS: Human diseases Gastroenterology

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what is the function of the gut (stomach + small intestine )
• Digestion and absorption of nutrients
- Stomach – alcohol and weak acids (e.g. aspirin)
- Small intestine absorbs products of digestion (CHO, protein + fat) electrolytes, vitamins and water
 Duodenum – iron
 Jejunum – folate (and some iron)
 Ileu
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what is the function of pancreas
• Exocrine – Production of pancreatic enzymes (and aqueous alkaline solution)
- Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes
- Pancreatic amylase
- Pancreatic lipase
• Endocrine – Production of insulin and glucagon
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what is the function of the liver
• Metabolism of nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) after adsorption from GIT
• Detoxifying and degrading toxins - body wastes, hormones, drugs and foreign compounds
• Store glycogen
• Plasma protein synthesis (e.g. blood clotting proteins)
• S
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what is the function of the gall bladder
• Concentration and storage of bile (fat digestion / absorption)
• The bile duct opens into the duodenum
Bile salts is an important component of bile and it aids fat absorption. Also have. A detergent and emulsification action which facilitates fat absor
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what are the GI Symptoms
pain, dysphagia, dyspepsia, heartburn, regurgitation, odynophagia, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea and vomitting, bleeding
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upper GI bleeding- what can it be
Oesophagitis, varcies, Mallory-Weiss tear, peptic ulcer, gastritis
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what are the oral signs of GORD
 Dental erosion
 Globus- feeling of lump in throat
 Unpleasant taste
 Halitosis
 Burning mouth syndrome
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What are the oral symptoms/ signs of haematinic deficiency+- anaemia
Recurrent oral ulceration
• Angular cheilitis
• Candidal infections
• Glossitis
• Burning mouth syndrome
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lower GI disorders
• Coeliac disease
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn’s, Ulcerative colitis
• Diverticular disease
• Irritable bowel syndrome
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what are the non specific signs and symptoms of GI disease
- Non specific
Secondary to malabsorption and/or blood loss - Haematinic deficiency +/- anaemia:
Recurrent oral ulceration
Angular cheilitis
Candidal infections
Glossitis
Burning mouth syndrome
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what is celiac disease
Small Intestine - Coeliac Disease
• Is an autoimmune condition in which dietary proteins, known as glutens, activate an abnormal mucosal response with chronic inflammation and damage (villous atrophy) to the lining of the small intestine [NICE, 2015a]
• W
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what are the symptoms of celiac disease
Symptoms:

• Malabsorption
- Malaise
- Diarrhoea, Steatorrhoea
- Weight loss
- Iron and folate deficiency
- Protein deficiency
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what is 2 forms of IBD
1. Crohn’s disease: Entire GI tract, “mouth to anus”
2. Ulcerative colitis: Large intestine
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What are the symptoms of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
• Crohn’s
 Malabsorption
 Abdominal pain
 Bleeding
 Abscess, fistula, sinus formation
 Oral features
• Ulcerative Colitis
 Bloody diarrhoea
 Abdominal pain (less so than with Crohn’s)
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what is chronic inflammatory bowel disease
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Crohn’s disease – malabsorption, blood loss, direct involvement of oral mucosa
Ulcerative colitis – blood loss
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what are the oral manifestations of direct involvement of chronic inflammatory bowel disease
Oral manifestations of direct involvement:
 oral ulceration
 mucosal tags cobblestone mucosa
 lip and/or facial swelling
 angular cheilitis
 stag horning of tissue around sub mandibular and sublingual ducts anterior floor of mouth
 full width gingi
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what is ulcerative colitis - what is it confined to and what are the conditions related to
Ulcerative colitis
Confined to the colon + Oral manifestations rare
• Oral ulceration and other oral conditions related to anaemia/iron deficiency (secondary to blood loss)
• No direct involvement of the oral mucosa
• Pyostomatitis vegetans: This is a di
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what are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis
Symptoms
• Nil usually, Bleeding, Pain, Abscess formation / obstruction, Infection, fever
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what are the common symptoms of functional bowel disease
Common Symptoms
• Oesophageal: Lump in throat “globus”, regurgitation
• Gastric: Dyspepsia - Endoscopyif“alarm”symptoms,age>40years
• Irritable bowel syndrome: Cramps, wind, diarrhoea, constipation, bloating
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what are the liver diseases
Liver Disease
• Acute inflammation: Hepatitis
• Chronic inflammation: Cirrhosis
• Cancer
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what are the clinical features of liver, pancreases, biliary tract disease
Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract Disease: Clinical features
• Jaundice
• Ascites
• Telangiectasia
• Renal failure (hepato-renal syndrome)
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what are dental aspects of liver, pancreas and biliary tract
Liver, Pancreas and Biliary Tract Disease - Dental Aspects
• Coagulopathy and reduced platelets: Bleeding risk
• Possible infectious underlying cause: Hepatitis viruses
• Liability to infection
• Liver transplant: immunosuppressants
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what are the gastroenterological emergencies
Gastroenterological emergencies
• 1. Acute abdomen
• 2. Upper GI bleeding
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what are the acute abdomen causes
gastrointestinal:peptic ulcer disease, gall stones, pancreatitis, appendicitis, cancer, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease
non gastrointestinal: gynaecological, renal, vascular -aortic aneurysm
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what are the two types of upper GI bleeding
-Haematemesis= Fresh blood/ “coffee grounds”
- Melaena
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what is dysphagia
- A disorder of eating, drinking and swallowing
A cluster of symptoms …as a result of an underlying disease or disorder
Potentially life threatening.
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what are the 4 stages of swallowing
oral preparatory stage, oral stage, pharyngeal stage, oesophageal stage
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the function of pancreas

Back

• Exocrine – Production of pancreatic enzymes (and aqueous alkaline solution)
- Pancreatic proteolytic enzymes
- Pancreatic amylase
- Pancreatic lipase
• Endocrine – Production of insulin and glucagon

Card 3

Front

what is the function of the liver

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is the function of the gall bladder

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what are the GI Symptoms

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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