3BDS: Human diseases: oncology
0.0 / 5
- Created by: DianaIspas
- Created on: 17-02-21 12:55
in which tissues do cancers originate
All body tissues. All reproducing, replicating cells
The tissues with the highest turnover rate are more commonly affected
The tissues with the highest turnover rate are more commonly affected
1 of 32
what is the of cancer which is found in glandular, squamous epithelium and lymphoid tissue and connective tissue = sarcoma
glandular- adenocarcinoma
squamous epithelium- squamous cell carcinoma
lymphoid tissue= lymphoma
squamous epithelium- squamous cell carcinoma
lymphoid tissue= lymphoma
2 of 32
what does prognosis depend on
- Depends on primary site (some are easier to diagnose because it is more obvious)
- Depends on grade and stage of cancer (the higher the worse)
- Depends on patient fitness for treatment (very frail..or many cormobidities.. worse outcome)
- Standardised
- Depends on grade and stage of cancer (the higher the worse)
- Depends on patient fitness for treatment (very frail..or many cormobidities.. worse outcome)
- Standardised
3 of 32
what are some examples of carcinogenic agents that induce mutations
chemicals, radiation, viruses, environmental factors
4 of 32
give examples of two viruses that cause cancer, mention what cancer they cause
EBV: Hodgkin’s and non-hodgkin’s and stomach cancer
HPV: cervical and some caners of the back of the throat, oropharynx, vagina, penis, anus, *****, (head and neck cancers too)
HPV: cervical and some caners of the back of the throat, oropharynx, vagina, penis, anus, *****, (head and neck cancers too)
5 of 32
how does immune surveillance protect us from cancer
Cancer cells present antigen that may be recognised by immune system leading to cancer cell death
6 of 32
how does loss of immune surveillance makes cancers grow unchecked
Immune system loses ability to recognise cancer cells as foreign
7 of 32
what rewakens the immune surveillance
Novel anticancer therapy ‘reawakens’ the immune system to cause cancer cell death- immunotherapy like chemotherapy
8 of 32
what is grading for
• Grading tries to establish how aggressive a cancer is: how fast cells are dividing
9 of 32
what is staging for
• How advanced it is in terms of metastatic spread and size
• Implications for choice and success of treatments
• Implications for choice and success of treatments
10 of 32
what does TNM stand for
T=tumour, how big the tumour- differentiated etc
N= how many lymph nodes are affected
M= metastases
N= how many lymph nodes are affected
M= metastases
11 of 32
what are some local effects of cancer (presenting features of cancer)
=lump is noticed by patient or clinician
= bleeding: bleed in urine, stool, sputum, inter-menstrual or post coital
= local pain
=local obstruction:dysphagia, constipation, urinary probs in prostate cancer
= bleeding: bleed in urine, stool, sputum, inter-menstrual or post coital
= local pain
=local obstruction:dysphagia, constipation, urinary probs in prostate cancer
12 of 32
what are the systemic effects of cancer (presenting features of cancer)
fatigue, weight loss, anaemia from blood loss, pain from metastases- bones/liver/ headache, hypercalcaemia, cachexia, nausea and vomiting
13 of 32
what is cachexia
Generalised loss of fat, muscle, fatigue etc
14 of 32
what is used to make a diagnosis
Blood tests: tumour specific markers, routine bloods
Biopsy or surgical resection specimen: histology and surface antigens
Imaging-USS, CT, MRI, PET, Bone scan to show metastases
Biopsy or surgical resection specimen: histology and surface antigens
Imaging-USS, CT, MRI, PET, Bone scan to show metastases
15 of 32
what are the treatment options
- Surgery: can be curative or debulking to improve outcome of other Rx
- Chemotherapy- systemic
- Radiotherapy- can be directed at an organ
- Hormonal treatments
- Immunotherapy
- BM Transplant
- Chemotherapy- systemic
- Radiotherapy- can be directed at an organ
- Hormonal treatments
- Immunotherapy
- BM Transplant
16 of 32
Chemotherapy side effects
- Chemotherapy affects rapidly dividing cells
Blood count falls: risk of neutropenic sepsis at nadirs of white cell count
Bleeding risk with thrombocytopenia
Anaemia contributes to fatigue
Blood count falls: risk of neutropenic sepsis at nadirs of white cell count
Bleeding risk with thrombocytopenia
Anaemia contributes to fatigue
17 of 32
GI Tract side effects/ other side effects from chemo
GI tract side effects:
Mucositis
Diarrhoea
Constipation
Nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia
other side effects:
Hair loss
Fatigue
Memory and concentration problems
Mucositis
Diarrhoea
Constipation
Nausea
Vomiting
Anorexia
other side effects:
Hair loss
Fatigue
Memory and concentration problems
18 of 32
Radiotherapy side effects depend on what and what are the side effects
depends on where radiotherapy is directed and which normal tissues are hit
• GI tract: diarrhoea
• Head- hair loss
• Bladder- radiation cystitis
• Salivary glands- xerostomia
• Oral mucosa- mucositis
• GI tract: diarrhoea
• Head- hair loss
• Bladder- radiation cystitis
• Salivary glands- xerostomia
• Oral mucosa- mucositis
19 of 32
what are normal treatments for
- For hormone sensitive tumours
- Breast cancer (oestrogen)
- Prostate cancer (testosterone)
- Breast cancer (oestrogen)
- Prostate cancer (testosterone)
20 of 32
give some examples of cancer immunotherapy
cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines to treat cancer, checkpoint inhibitors, CAR T- cell therapy
21 of 32
how could cancer present to dentists
• Bone metastases may be present in facial bones and cause pain or get worse (prostate, renal, lung, breast, myeloma commonly metastasise to bone)
• Anaemia due to blood loss: may be present on oral examination
• Bleeding and bruising: in haematological
• Anaemia due to blood loss: may be present on oral examination
• Bleeding and bruising: in haematological
22 of 32
what are the oral side effects of chemotherapy
Mucositis
Ulceration
Lip cracking
Candidiasis or HSV due to immune suppression
Ulceration
Lip cracking
Candidiasis or HSV due to immune suppression
23 of 32
what is mucositis
Mucositis is the painful inflammation and ulceration of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tract, usually as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatment for cancer.
24 of 32
what are bisphosphonates used for
Metastatic breast cancer
Metastatic prostate cancer
Myeloma
Patients with malignant hypercalcaemia
Metastatic prostate cancer
Myeloma
Patients with malignant hypercalcaemia
25 of 32
Dental aspects of living with cancer
Be aware that chemotherapy causes neutropenia and low platelet counts between cycles
Infection risk
Bleeding and bruising
Infection risk
Bleeding and bruising
26 of 32
what is palliative care
Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem ***ociated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable ***
27 of 32
who might benefit from a palliative care approach
• Any stage of any illness where symptoms are distressing for the patient and family
• Physical
• Psychosocial
• Spiritual
• Physical
• Psychosocial
• Spiritual
28 of 32
give examples of non opioids
paracetamol, NSAIDS= aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, etoricoxib, celecoxib
29 of 32
give examples of mild opioids
codeine, dihydrocodeine, tramadol
30 of 32
give examples of strong opioids
morphine-1st line
oxycodone-2nd line
fentanyl
diamorphine
methadone
hydromorphone
buprenorphine
oxycodone-2nd line
fentanyl
diamorphine
methadone
hydromorphone
buprenorphine
31 of 32
give examples of adjacent analgesics
(tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline, notriptyline)
[serotonin noradrenaline reuptate inhibitors, duloxetine]
{anticonvulsants, gabapentin, pregabalin}
dexamethasone
[serotonin noradrenaline reuptate inhibitors, duloxetine]
{anticonvulsants, gabapentin, pregabalin}
dexamethasone
32 of 32
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what is the of cancer which is found in glandular, squamous epithelium and lymphoid tissue and connective tissue = sarcoma
Back
glandular- adenocarcinoma
squamous epithelium- squamous cell carcinoma
lymphoid tissue= lymphoma
squamous epithelium- squamous cell carcinoma
lymphoid tissue= lymphoma
Card 3
Front
what does prognosis depend on
Back
Card 4
Front
what are some examples of carcinogenic agents that induce mutations
Back
Card 5
Front
give examples of two viruses that cause cancer, mention what cancer they cause
Back
Similar Dentistry resources:
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
0.0 / 5
Comments
No comments have yet been made