9.Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

Describe the process of Glycolysis

The enzymatic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.

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Describe the structure and function of pyruvate

A three-carbon acid; the end product of glycolysis and the raw material for the citric acid cycle.

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Define Anaerobic

Occurring without the use of molecular oxygen, O2.

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Describe the process of cellular respiration

The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy.

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Define aerobic

In the presence of oxygen; requiring oxygen.

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Describe the process of fermentation

The anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol with the extraction of energy.

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Define a Reduction reaction

Gain of electrons by a chemical reactant; any reduction is accompanied by an oxidation.

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Define an Oxidation reaction

Relative loss of electrons in a chemical reaction; either outright removal to form an ion, or the sharing of electrons with substances having a greater affinity for them, such as oxygen. Most oxidations, including biological ones, are associated with the

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Define a Redox reaction

A chemical reaction in which one reactant becomes oxidized and the other becomes reduced.

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Describe the structure and function of Acetyl Coenzyme A

A compound that reacts with oxaloacetate to produce citrate at the beginning of the citric acid cycle; a key metabolic intermediate in the formation of many compounds.

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Define a respiratory chain

The terminal reactions of cellular respiration, in which electrons are passed from NAD or FAD, through a series of intermediate carriers, to molecular oxygen, with the concomitant production of ATP.

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Describe the structure and function of ATP synthase

An integral membrane protein that couples the transport of protons with the formation of ATP.

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Describe the process of Chemiosmosis

Formation of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity.

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Define Proton-motive force

Force generated across a membrane having two components: a chemical potential (difference in proton concentration) plus an electrical potential due to the electrostatic charge on the proton.

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Define gluconeogenesis

The biochemical synthesis of glucose from other substances, such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol.

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9.Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy

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