A level psychology- Psychopathology key studies

Rosenhan and Seligman

Proposed signs for failure to function adequately such as when they no longer conform to interpersonal rules, experiences personal distress, irrational/dangerous behaviour.

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Jahoda

Proposed criteria for defining ideal mental health

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Mowrer

Proposed two process model which explains how phobias are acquired through classical conditioning (conditioning through association) and maintained through operant conditioning

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Sue et al

Provided empire evidence for Mower's two process model. Participants could recall a specific event before onset of phobia

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Watson and Rayner- Little Albert (1920)

Little Albert was taught to associate the presence of a white rat to fear through the association of fear of a loud noise, he then became scared of all white fluffy objects, showing that phobias are acquired through classical conditioning

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Seligman

Biological preparedness, (rare to develop fear of guns/cars)- showing there’s more to acquiring simple phobias than simple conditioning and sometimes no event occurs before phobia- snakes, explained by Seligman but not by two process model

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Ougrin

Showed flooding to be more cost effective and quicker than CBT and systematic de-sensitisation

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Walpe

Proposed the treatment of systematic desensitisation for phobias

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Gilroy et al

42 patients who had been treated for spider phobia in 3 45 min sessions of SD. Assessed through questionnaire and exposure response to spider. Control group also used (relaxation without exposure), at 3 and 33 months the SD group were less fearful

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Beck's

Proposed cognitive theory of depression. Faulty cognitions, negative schemas, and negative triads

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Grazioli and Terry

65 pregnant women, those who were judged to have high cognitive vulnerability were more likely to suffer from post-natal depression- cognitions before depression supporting Beck's idea that faulty cognitions cause depression

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Ellis

Proposed ABC model for depression. A- activating event- arises from irrational thought which starts from a negative event. B- belief (irrational) about event. C- consequences( emotional and behavioural) of beliefs

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March et al

Compared effects of CBT to antidepressant drugs and a combination of the two. CBT was shown to be just effective as antidepressants (81% improvement) and helpful alongside medication (86%).

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Rosenzweig

Effectiveness of CBT may be dependent upon therapist- patient relationship

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Nestadt et al

Reviewed previous twin studies and found that 68% of identical twins (MZ) shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non identical (DZ) twins, supporting the idea of a genetic influence on OCD

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Cromer et al

found that over half of OCD patients in their sample could recall a specific traumatic event, and the more severe the trauma the more sever the OCD, therefore OCD not entirely genetic in origin, supporting the diathesis stress model.

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Nestadt et al

Nestadt et al suggesting that the biological processes that cause the symptoms in conditions such as Parkinsons (as serotonin system is faulty in both) may also be responsible for OCD- therefore serotonin system may cause OCD

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Soomro et al

Reviewed studies comparing SSRIs and placebos in the treatment of OCD and in all 17 studies the SSRIs were significantly better than the placebos.

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A level psychology- Psychopathology key studies

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