ABCDE

What is DKA (Diabetic ketone acidosis)?

A reduced amount of insulin in the body

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What are the clinical symptoms of DKA?

High BM, feeling fatigued, confusion, fainting, increased weight loss, stomach pain, nausea/vomiting, frequent urination, blurred vision, thirsty, sweet smelling breath

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What is the treatment for DKA?

Insulin and Fluid therapy
Monitor blood glucose levels
Patient education

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What is a AKI (Acute Kidney Injury)?

Decrease in kidney function

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What are the symptoms of AKI?

Nausea and vomiting, dehydration, reduced urine output, distended abdomen, confusion, fatigue/drowsiness

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What are the causes of AKI?

Infection, dehydration, drugs and alcohol, surgery, blockages (such as kidney stones), CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease)

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What are the investigations for AKI?

Urinalysis, urine culture, U & E'S, LFT'S, and FBC, radiography, catheter to monitor urine output

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What is the treatment for AKI?

Fluid therapy, antibiotics if there is infection, diuretics to encouraged urine output, catheterisation to monitor urine output and to also unblock and blockages

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What is a pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A blood clot that has entered the lung region

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What are the clinical signs of PE?

Dyspnea, tachypnea, features of DVT, chest pain, cough, hypoxia, fever, galloping heart rate

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What are the investigations for PE?

ECG, CT pulmonary angiogram, blood tests, chest x-ray

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What are the treatments of PE?

Anti-coagulation (blood thinners, ie warfrin)

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What are the four H's

Hypoxia, hypovolemia/hypervolemia, hypokalemia/hyperkalemia, hypothermia/hyperthermia

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What are the four T's

Tension pneumothorax, Tamonade, Thrombosis, Toxins

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ABCDE

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