Across the lifespan

The musculoskeletal system is made up of?

Skeleton
Muscle
Joints

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What is the main function of the skeleton?

Support, protection, movement, haemopoiesis (formation of blood cellular components) etc

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What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

Cortical - compact
Cancellous- spongy has holes

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Outer layer of bone ?

Periosteum

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Definition of any tissue?

Cells in a matrix which has 2 phases
Organic= forms collagen and makes bone strong
Inorganic= forms calcium and makes bones hard

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Bone is Anisotropic. What does this mean?

It has different properties in different directions
The bone behaviour will change depending on the direction of the load application

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What are the 4 types of bone cells?

Osteoblasts= form new bone
Osteoclasts= resorb bone, remove old bone
Osteocytes= mechanosensors monitoring bone environment
Osteogenic cell= progenitor cell, dormant and form into osteoblast when needed

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What are the 2 ways of making new bone?

Cartilage template= grows each end of bone
Bone remodelling unit= involves osteoclasts and osteoblasts

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How is bone formation controlled?
Answer = pathways

Growth hormone pathway regulate bone growth

PTH/ calcitonin pathway regulated blood Ca2 + homeostasis

Androgens (testosterone and oestrogen)

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More on thyroid releasing calcitonin
And
Parathyroid releasing PTH

If Ca levels too high calcitonin increases Ca Deposition in bones, decreases Ca uptake in intestines and urine

If Ca levels too low PTH increase Ca from bones, increase intestine uptake and increase reabsorption from urine

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What are the 3 types of joints?

1. Fibrous- no movement e.g, cranial structure
2. Cartilaginous- limited movement, intervertebral discs
3. Synovial- range of movement e.g., knee. 2 bone ends covered in articular cartilage protecting them rubbing, synovial membrane with synovial fluid i

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How are joints given stability?

Ligaments ( link bone to bone)

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What do tendons do?

Attach muscle to bone

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What is Achondroplasia?

Wee small people
Cartilage not converted to bone= short limbs
Mutation in FGFR3 gene

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What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Brittle bone disease
Defect in COLA1 or COLA2 gene

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DDH is Developmental dysplasia of the hip which causes

Limp
Shallow acetabular socket

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Cancers of the MSK system
What is an osteosarcoma?

Bone forming tumour

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What is a Chondrosarcoma?

Cartilage forming tumour

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What is a miscellaneous Ewings sarcoma?
Can occur in any bone

Giant cell tumour which is benign

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What are the stages of fracture repair?

Haematoma
Inflammation
Granulation tissue
Called formation
Remodelling

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An autoimmune condition is when body makes self antibodies, e.g., makes antibodies that see our own cells as pathogens and destroys them. What are some examples of autoimmune conditions?

Rheumatoid arthritis
Constant presence of cytokines

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What is osteoarthritis?

Wear and tear of cartilage due to old age makes bones rub on bone and stimulates production of bone. More common in women

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What is osteoporosis?

Bone normal but there isn’t enough of it, more fragile more holes. 2 types
Primary type 1= post menopausal women
Primary type 2= age related
Secondary osteoporosis, range of conditions lead to it e.g., anorexia, diabetes, RA COPD

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Rickets if formed due to a deficiency in what?

Vitamin D
Calcium
Phosphate

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Across the lifespan

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