Across the lifespan/Musculoskeletal system
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- Created by: evepoag
- Created on: 12-10-22 13:28
Name the 2 types of skeleton
1. Axial
2. Appendicular
2. Appendicular
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What are the 3 types of joints?
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
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What is hemopoiesis?
the production of blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow
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What are triglycerides important for and where are they stored?
They are important for ENERGY
and they are stored in the adipocytes of the yellow bone marrow
and they are stored in the adipocytes of the yellow bone marrow
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What is another name for cortical bone?
Compact bone
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What is another name for cancellous bone?
Spongy bone
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In bone composition, what are organic and inorganic bones made up of?
Organic bone = collagen
Inorganic bone = calcium phosphate
Inorganic bone = calcium phosphate
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Bones are anisotropic.
What does this mean?
What does this mean?
Ansiotropic is when the bone's physical properties are different in measurement, and respond differently to external stimuli
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What are the 4 types of cells in the bone tissue?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic/stem cells
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Osteogenic/stem cells
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When are the 4 stages of bone formation?
1. initial in embryo/foetus
2. bone growth during childhood
3. bone remodelling
4. fracture repair
2. bone growth during childhood
3. bone remodelling
4. fracture repair
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What 3 pathways control the formation of bone?
Growth hormone for bone growth
PTH/Calcitonin for blood calcium homeostasis
Androgens (sex hormones) for testosterone and oestrogen
PTH/Calcitonin for blood calcium homeostasis
Androgens (sex hormones) for testosterone and oestrogen
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Describe simply what is meant by bone remodelling and when does it occur?
It is when old bone is resorbed by osteoclasts and replaced by new bone by osteoblasts
It happens in fracture repair and when repairing everyday micro-cracks
It happens in fracture repair and when repairing everyday micro-cracks
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What is contained within the bone marrow?
Blood-making cells which produce:
- Lymphocytes
- RBCs
- Platelets
- myeloblasts (immature white blood cells, eg: neutrophils)
- Lymphocytes
- RBCs
- Platelets
- myeloblasts (immature white blood cells, eg: neutrophils)
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How are osteoblasts created?
They are created by the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
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How are osteoclasts created?
They are created when the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) produce monocytes which bind to RANKL
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What cell produces RANKL?
Osteoblasts
! when it senses a fracture or crack !
! when it senses a fracture or crack !
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What do osteoclasts do?
They break down old bone tissue (bone resorption).
When activated, they phagocytose the osteoclasts within the bone matrix and form shallow dips in the bone
When activated, they phagocytose the osteoclasts within the bone matrix and form shallow dips in the bone
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What do osteoblasts do?
They create bone tissue by entering the bone, turning into osteocytes and they start the bone mineralisation process to fill in the gaps
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To keep bone resorption under control, what does the osteoblast produce and what happens?
The osteoblast will produce Osteoprotegerin which binds with the RANKL which slows down the activation of osteoclasts
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Simply, what does RANKL do?
Initiates the resorption process
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In bone resorption, what happens to the blood calcium levels?
Blood calcium levels increase
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In bone reformation and mineralisation, what happens to the blood calcium levels?
Blood calcium levels decrease
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When there is a drop in blood calcium levels, what hormone is released and what does it do?
The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released
It stimulates the osteoblasts to release RANKL which triggers increased bone resorption, which increases your blood calcium
It stimulates the osteoblasts to release RANKL which triggers increased bone resorption, which increases your blood calcium
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When there is an increase in blood calcium levels, what hormone is released and what does it do?
Calcitonin is released
It inhibits bone resorption which lowers blood calcium
It inhibits bone resorption which lowers blood calcium
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What does Vitamin D do in relation to blood calcium?
Stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium, which causes calcitonin levels to increase
This inhibits bone resorption which lowers blood calcium
This inhibits bone resorption which lowers blood calcium
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What movement does fibrous joints have?
No movement
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What movement does cartilaginous joints have?
Limited movement
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What is fibrocartilage?
The mix of fibrous and cartilaginous tissue
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What movement does synovial joints have?
Range of movement
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What is important in synovial joints?
They are filled with fluid for lubrication
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What is a ligament?
Attaches bone to bone
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What is a tendon?
Attaches muscle to bone
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What is skeletal dysplasia?
In children, it is a genetic disorder that causes cells to not develop and function normally
It hinders growth and development
eg: dwarfism
It hinders growth and development
eg: dwarfism
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What is osteogenesis imperfecta or "brittle bone disease"?
A genetic disorder when there gene defects which affect collagen, and allow fractures to occur with very low impact
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What is developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)?
A genetic disorder when the hip socket is shallow which causes hip dislocations
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What are the 4 types of cancers in the musculoskeletal system?
1. bone-forming tumours
2. cartilage-forming tumours
3. Ewing's sarcoma - bone or soft tissue tumour
4. giant cell tumour (benign)
2. cartilage-forming tumours
3. Ewing's sarcoma - bone or soft tissue tumour
4. giant cell tumour (benign)
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What are the 2 treatments for musculoskeletal cancers?
Resection with limb salvage
and
Amputation
and
Amputation
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Describe the 5 steps of fracture repair (split into 2 cards)
1. Haematoma formed - at fracture site
2. Inflammation
3. Fibrocartilage callus formed - MSC creates osteoblasts and chondrogenesis begins
2. Inflammation
3. Fibrocartilage callus formed - MSC creates osteoblasts and chondrogenesis begins
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Describe the 5 steps of fracture repair
(pt.2)
(pt.2)
4. Bony callus formed - RANKL is produced, promotes resorption of the cartilaginous callus, and it begins to calcify
5. Remodelling - a long process where the bony callus undergoes repeat remodelling until replaced by compact bone
5. Remodelling - a long process where the bony callus undergoes repeat remodelling until replaced by compact bone
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What are the 3 phases of fracture healing?
1. Inflammation phase
2. Reparative phase
3. Remodelling phase
2. Reparative phase
3. Remodelling phase
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What influences healing?
Age, medications, diet, injury
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Name 2 musculoskeletal autoimmune diseases, and what do they both do?
1. Rheumatoid arthirtis
2. Ankylosing spondylitis
Antibodies in both attack cartilage of joints, leading to chronic inflammation and loss of function
2. Ankylosing spondylitis
Antibodies in both attack cartilage of joints, leading to chronic inflammation and loss of function
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What are the consequences of osteoarthritis?
Increased risk of fracturing hip, wrist and spine
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In osteoporosis, the sequence of resorption and bone formation is deeper. What can this sometimes cause?
Perforation
Micro-calluses
Micro-calluses
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What are the 2 types of primary osteoporosis?
Type 1: post-menopausal women
Type 2: age-related for both men and women
Type 2: age-related for both men and women
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What is the difference between primary and secondary osteoporosis?
Primary occurs as a result of the natural ageing process
Secondary occurs from underlying medical conditions or the use of medications
Secondary occurs from underlying medical conditions or the use of medications
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What 4 factors affect the musculoskeletal system?
Give an example for each
Give an example for each
1. Environment, ie: chronic stress
2. Drugs, ie: steroids
3. Malnutrition, ie: lack of calcium and phosphate
4. Underlying conditions, ie: anorexia
2. Drugs, ie: steroids
3. Malnutrition, ie: lack of calcium and phosphate
4. Underlying conditions, ie: anorexia
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What is 'Rickets' disease?
It is caused by a Vitamin D, calcium or phosphate deficiency in childhood
This can be due to many reasons, such as a lack of sunlight
This can be due to many reasons, such as a lack of sunlight
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What is the effect of a lack of, or defect in, type 1 collagen on bones?
It weakens them so they break more easily
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Name a musculoskeletal condition caused by a defect in type 1 collagen?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
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What is the mineral phase of bone?
Osteoblasts aid in the production of calcium phosphate to help make new bone
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What is the effect of a lack of the mineral phase on bones?
Bones will weaken and they will break more easily
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Name a condition that is caused by a lack of bone mineral
Osteoporosis
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What is osteoid?
Unmineralised, organic bone tissue
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What is woven bone?
Immature bone where collagen are arranged irregularly to form interlacing networks
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What is cortical bone?
The compact, protective outer layer of bone
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What is cancellous bone?
Also called trabecular or spongy bone
It is light, porous bone with a honeycomb appearance
It is light, porous bone with a honeycomb appearance
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What is a pathological fracture?
A fractured bone caused by a disease, usually causing weakened bone
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What is a common cause of pathological fracture?
Tumours
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Name a few intrinsic and extrinsic factors of osteoporosis?
Intrinsic:
- advanced age
- female
- family history
Extrinsic:
- smoking
- inadequate calcium intake
- advanced age
- female
- family history
Extrinsic:
- smoking
- inadequate calcium intake
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the 3 types of joints?
Back
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
Card 3
Front
What is hemopoiesis?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are triglycerides important for and where are they stored?
Back
Card 5
Front
What is another name for cortical bone?
Back
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