Addictive Behaviour C3 Psychology
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- Created by: kaylee17ne
- Created on: 07-10-23 12:01
(Explain the characteristics of AB)
What is a definition of addictive behaviour (AB)?
What is a definition of addictive behaviour (AB)?
A state of dependency on a chemical substance or behaviour and a compulsive inability to resist AB.
Eg. gambling (behaviour) and alcohol (substance)
Eg. gambling (behaviour) and alcohol (substance)
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Who created the 6 characteristics of AB?
Name all 6 and how to remember them
Name all 6 and how to remember them
Mark Griffiths
1. Mood modification (mondays)
2. Salience (start)
3. Relapse (really)
4. Tolerance (terribly)
5. Withdrawal (without)
6. Conflict (coffee)
1. Mood modification (mondays)
2. Salience (start)
3. Relapse (really)
4. Tolerance (terribly)
5. Withdrawal (without)
6. Conflict (coffee)
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Mood modification:
When engaging in AB, they experience a change in their ____. This could be a high or a buzz.
Eg. smoker gets a ____ after his first cigarette of the day, but feels _____ in the evening
When engaging in AB, they experience a change in their ____. This could be a high or a buzz.
Eg. smoker gets a ____ after his first cigarette of the day, but feels _____ in the evening
When engaging in AB, they experience a change in their mood. This could be a high or a buzz.
Eg. smoker gets a buzz after his first cigarette of the day, but feels relaxed in the evening.
Eg. smoker gets a buzz after his first cigarette of the day, but feels relaxed in the evening.
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Salience:
AB becomes the most _______ thing in a person's life. It dominates their thoughts and feelings.
Eg. when a gambler isn't gambling, they spend their time thinking about their next ___
AB becomes the most _______ thing in a person's life. It dominates their thoughts and feelings.
Eg. when a gambler isn't gambling, they spend their time thinking about their next ___
AB becomes the most important thing in a person's life. It dominates their thoughts and feelings.
Eg. when a gambler isn't gambling, they spend their time thinking about their next bet.
Eg. when a gambler isn't gambling, they spend their time thinking about their next bet.
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Relapse:
Stopping engaging in AB but _____ after a time period.
Eg. not drinking alcohol for 3 months but returning to the binge after a ______ event occurs.
Stopping engaging in AB but _____ after a time period.
Eg. not drinking alcohol for 3 months but returning to the binge after a ______ event occurs.
Stopping engaging in AB but returns after a time period.
Eg. not drinking alcohol for 3 months but returning to the binge after a negative event occurs.
Eg. not drinking alcohol for 3 months but returning to the binge after a negative event occurs.
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Tolerance:
As the person engages with AB over time, they need ____ to feel the same effects as before.
Eg. increasing number of ____ placed, increasing money spent.
As the person engages with AB over time, they need ____ to feel the same effects as before.
Eg. increasing number of ____ placed, increasing money spent.
As the person engages with AB over time, they need more to feel the same effects as before.
Eg. increasing number of bets placed, increasing money spent.
Eg. increasing number of bets placed, increasing money spent.
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Withdrawal:
Experiencing unpleasant signs when stopping AB. Physical signs include ______ and _____
Psychological signs include ______ and ________
Eg. heroine is associated with ______ and a high temperature
Experiencing unpleasant signs when stopping AB. Physical signs include ______ and _____
Psychological signs include ______ and ________
Eg. heroine is associated with ______ and a high temperature
Experiencing unpleasant signs when stopping AB.
Physical signs include insomnia and nausea.
Psychological signs include moodiness and irritability.
Eg. heroine is associated with sickness and high temperature.
Physical signs include insomnia and nausea.
Psychological signs include moodiness and irritability.
Eg. heroine is associated with sickness and high temperature.
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Conflict:
________ conflict is when the person knows AB is damaging for themselves but struggle to stop eg. knowing smoking can cause ______
_________ conflict is when AB compromises relationships eg. family concerned with addicts drinking, causing ______
________ conflict is when the person knows AB is damaging for themselves but struggle to stop eg. knowing smoking can cause ______
_________ conflict is when AB compromises relationships eg. family concerned with addicts drinking, causing ______
Intrapsychic conflict is when the person knows AB is damaging for themselves but struggle to stop eg. knowing smoking can cause cancer
Interpersonal conflict is when AB compromises relationships eg. family concerned with addicts drinking, causing argument
Interpersonal conflict is when AB compromises relationships eg. family concerned with addicts drinking, causing argument
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(Social Psychological Explanation 1: Role of Peers)
Social norms are ______ of acceptable behaviour that are set by a social group.
Perceived social norms (PSN) are what we _____ are the norms for our social group
Social norms are ______ of acceptable behaviour that are set by a social group.
Perceived social norms (PSN) are what we _____ are the norms for our social group
Social norms are standards of acceptable behaviour that are set by a social group.
PSN are what we think are the norms for our social group.
PSN are what we think are the norms for our social group.
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_______ social norms are a person's perception of how much others engage in AB eg. student substance use is assumed to be ______, so they assume their peers regularly drink.
_______ social norms are what a person perceives as other approval of AB eg. stud
_______ social norms are what a person perceives as other approval of AB eg. stud
Descriptive social norms are a person's perception of how much others engage in AB eg. student substance use is assumed to be common, so they assume their peers regularly drink.
Injunctive social norms are what a person perceives as others approval of AB
Injunctive social norms are what a person perceives as others approval of AB
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If an individual ________ DSN and/or ISN, they are more likely to engage in AB
If an individual overestimates DSN and/or ISN, they are more likely to engage in AB.
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The behaviourist approach argues AB is learnt from the __________. Bandura proposed his theory to explain how AB may be learnt indirectly through _______ and ______ a role model.
The behaviourist approach argues AB is learnt from the environment. Bandura proposed his theory to explain how AB may be learnt indirectly through observing and imitating a role model.
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The two key processes are observing a role model (someone they _____ with like a peer) engaging in AB.
And the motivation to imitate AB, the model may be rewarded for their AB so the individual anticipates the same outcomes (this is called ______ ________
And the motivation to imitate AB, the model may be rewarded for their AB so the individual anticipates the same outcomes (this is called ______ ________
The two key processes are observing a role model (someone they identify with like a peer) engaging in AB.
And the motivation to imitate AB, the model may be rewarded for their AB so the individual anticipates the same outcomes (this is called vicarious re
And the motivation to imitate AB, the model may be rewarded for their AB so the individual anticipates the same outcomes (this is called vicarious re
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Peer groups are similar age/gender so the individual may aspire to be like them eg. being ______ for smoking.
This acts as vicarious reinforcement, the individual is motivated to imitate AB as they expect the same ______
This acts as vicarious reinforcement, the individual is motivated to imitate AB as they expect the same ______
Peer groups are similar age/gender so the individual may aspire to be like them eg. being popular for smoking.
This acts as vicarious reinforcement, the individual is motivated to imitate AB as they expect the same rewards.
This acts as vicarious reinforcement, the individual is motivated to imitate AB as they expect the same rewards.
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The individual could be ______ conditioned by their peers if they engage in AB.
Eg. person starts drinking and their friends cheer for them
Eg. person starts drinking and their friends cheer for them
The individual could be operantly conditioned by their peers if they engage in AB.
Eg. person starts drinking and their friends cheer for them.
Eg. person starts drinking and their friends cheer for them.
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(Evaluation of peer influences in explaining AB)
P: a strength is that there's supporting evidence for link between peers and engagement in AB
E: _____ and _____ (2001) conducted literature reviews of studies between 19__ and 2000 on the effects of peer p
P: a strength is that there's supporting evidence for link between peers and engagement in AB
E: _____ and _____ (2001) conducted literature reviews of studies between 19__ and 2000 on the effects of peer p
P: supporting evidence for link between peers and engagement in AB
E: Bosari and Carey (2001) conducted literature reviews of studies between 1970 and 2000 on the effects of peer pressure on excessive drinking college students. Interpersonal processes str
E: Bosari and Carey (2001) conducted literature reviews of studies between 1970 and 2000 on the effects of peer pressure on excessive drinking college students. Interpersonal processes str
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E: this is strong support that peers do have an impact on engagement with AB, however it's not _______ proof that PSNs alone are the factor in AB.
E: this is strong support that peers do have an impact on engagement with AB, however it's no conclusive proof that PSNs alone are the factor in AB.
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P: a strength is that peer explanations have useful _________
E: Social Norms Marketing Advertising (SNMA) challenges youths perceptions of drinking. Welsh Universities published beer mats such as "those around you are ______ less than you think." Surveys
E: Social Norms Marketing Advertising (SNMA) challenges youths perceptions of drinking. Welsh Universities published beer mats such as "those around you are ______ less than you think." Surveys
P: peer explanations have useful applications.
E: SNMA challenges youths perceptions of drinking. Welsh Universities published beer mats such as "those around you are drinking less than you think." Surveys on the campaign reported those who had seen the m
E: SNMA challenges youths perceptions of drinking. Welsh Universities published beer mats such as "those around you are drinking less than you think." Surveys on the campaign reported those who had seen the m
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E: it's argued that PSN explanation may be useful in preventing AB in ____ groups. However, intervention messages were rated as _____ and ______ by little more than half of students, suggesting the overall effectiveness of these methods isn't useful.
E: it's argued that PSN explanation may be useful in preventing AB in risk groups. However, intervention messages were rated as credible and relevant by little more than half of students, suggesting the overall effectiveness of these methods isn't useful.
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P: a weakness is that supporting research is often _______.
E: ______ and _____ Farhart found a positive relationship between peers and smoking.
E: ____ and ____ can't be established so we can't say peer influence causes addiction
E: ______ and _____ Farhart found a positive relationship between peers and smoking.
E: ____ and ____ can't be established so we can't say peer influence causes addiction
P: a weakness is that supporting research is often correlational.
E: Simmon and Morton Farhart found a positive relationship between peers and smoking.
E: cause and effect can't be established so we can't say peer influence causes addiction.
E: Simmon and Morton Farhart found a positive relationship between peers and smoking.
E: cause and effect can't be established so we can't say peer influence causes addiction.
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EXTENSION: _____ and _______ research found that non-smokers with peers who smoked were more likely to start smoking. They also found that individuals switched friendship groups in line with their behaviour, so both peer _____ and ______ are factors in AB
Ennet and Bauman's research found that non-smokers with peers who smoked were more likely to start smoking. They also found that individuals switched friendship groups in line with their behaviour, so both peer influence and selection are factors in AB.
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P: a weakness is that peer explanations are too simplistic
E: fails to account for other influences such as the role of _____, cognition and other social factors.
E: peer influences provide a weak account for AB, whereas the _____ ____ model views AB as a
E: fails to account for other influences such as the role of _____, cognition and other social factors.
E: peer influences provide a weak account for AB, whereas the _____ ____ model views AB as a
P: a weakness is that peer explanations are too simplistic
E: fails to account for other influences such as the role of genes, cognition and other social factors.
E: peer influences provide a weak account for AB, whereas the diathesis stress model views A
E: fails to account for other influences such as the role of genes, cognition and other social factors.
E: peer influences provide a weak account for AB, whereas the diathesis stress model views A
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(Explain how one social psych. explanation could be applied to modify AB)
The role of peers suggests AB is linked to PSN and the __________ of how much our peers engage in AB. We can _______ people's PSN to prevent them from overestimation.
The role of peers suggests AB is linked to PSN and the __________ of how much our peers engage in AB. We can _______ people's PSN to prevent them from overestimation.
The role of peers suggests AB is linked to PSN and the overestimation of how much our peers engage in AB. We can challenge people's PSN to prevent them from overestimation.
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This is done by using SNMA, using ________ to challenge PSNs by publishing statistics on drinking behaviour. Welsh universities publish beer mats like "students overestimate what others drink by __%"
This is done by using SNMA, using advertising to challenge PSNs by publishing statistics on drinking behaviour. Welsh universities publish beer mats like "students overestimate what others drink by 44%"
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This can modify AB by _____ people's PSNs in relation to AB. Surveys found students who recalled the materials had _____ PSNs. This may lead them to question others engagement in AB and reduce their own ________
This can modify AB by lowering people's PSNs in relation to AB. Surveys found students who recalled materials had lower PSNs. This may lead them to question others engagement in AB and reduce their own engagement.
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(Social Psychological Explanation 2: The role of media)
How the media portrays AB is likely to influence others AB. So if the media were to ______ AB by showing other people engaging in AB, this will encourage others to engage in AB.
How the media portrays AB is likely to influence others AB. So if the media were to ______ AB by showing other people engaging in AB, this will encourage others to engage in AB.
How the media portrays AB is likely to influence others AB. So if the media were to glamourise AB by showing other people engage in AB, this will encourage others to engage in AB.
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(Applying the social learning theory to the media)
It explains how the media can lead people to engage in AB. TV characters act as role models, if we see them engaging in AB were are likely to _____ them. Through _____ _________ we expect to gain similar
It explains how the media can lead people to engage in AB. TV characters act as role models, if we see them engaging in AB were are likely to _____ them. Through _____ _________ we expect to gain similar
It explains how the media can lead people to engage in AB. TV characters as role models, if we see them engaging in AB we are likely to imitate them. Through vicarious reinforcement we expect to gain similar rewards.
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(Evaluation of the role of media in explaining AB)
P: a strength is that there's evidence to support the role of media in attitudes towards AB
E: ______ and ____-Shih (1999) used 2 versions of the same film, 1 contained smoking and 1 didn't. Participants
P: a strength is that there's evidence to support the role of media in attitudes towards AB
E: ______ and ____-Shih (1999) used 2 versions of the same film, 1 contained smoking and 1 didn't. Participants
P: a strength is that there's evidence to support the role of media in attitudes to AB.
E: Pechman and Fong-Shih (1999) used 2 versions of the same film, 1 contained smoking and 1 didn't. Participants who saw the smoking version reported more positive att
E: Pechman and Fong-Shih (1999) used 2 versions of the same film, 1 contained smoking and 1 didn't. Participants who saw the smoking version reported more positive att
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E: supports ____ and ____ relationship between media and smoking, giving validity to the explanation.
However, ppts may have a ________ positive attitude to smoking.
However, ppts may have a ________ positive attitude to smoking.
E: supports cause and effect relationship between media and smoking, giving validity to the explanation.
However, ppts may have a predisposing positive attitude to smoking.
However, ppts may have a predisposing positive attitude to smoking.
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P: a weakness is that the media is criticised for ________ determinism.
E: we are _____ respondents to the media and if the media glamourises AB then we will imitate. This ignores the role of ___ ___ that we may not choose to engage in AB due to the negat
E: we are _____ respondents to the media and if the media glamourises AB then we will imitate. This ignores the role of ___ ___ that we may not choose to engage in AB due to the negat
P: a weakness is that the media is criticised for environmental determinism.
E: we are passive respondents to the media and if the media glamourises AB then we will imitate. This ignores the role of free will that we may not choose to engage in AB due to
E: we are passive respondents to the media and if the media glamourises AB then we will imitate. This ignores the role of free will that we may not choose to engage in AB due to
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E: a deterministic explanation is a weakness as it provides a negative view of behaviour and removes personal __________, allowing people to blame their addiction on their _________.
E: a deterministic explanation is a weakness as it provides a negative view of behaviour and removes personal responsibility, allowing people to blame their addiction on their environment.
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P: a strength is that media can be used for positive effects
E: when TV programmes show damaging consequences of AB, this may act as a ______ _________, reducing the engagement in AB.
E: media explanations can be used to help _____ AB.
E: when TV programmes show damaging consequences of AB, this may act as a ______ _________, reducing the engagement in AB.
E: media explanations can be used to help _____ AB.
P: a strength is that media can be used for positive effects
E: when TV programmes show damaging consequences of AB, this may act as a vicarious punishment, reducing the engagement in AB.
E: media explanations can be used to help prevent AB.
E: when TV programmes show damaging consequences of AB, this may act as a vicarious punishment, reducing the engagement in AB.
E: media explanations can be used to help prevent AB.
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(Individual differences explanation 1: Personality)
Hans ______ developed a 'resource model of addiction' in which he argued that addiction develops because it fulfils a need relating to personality profile. He highlighted ______ and ______ personality pr
Hans ______ developed a 'resource model of addiction' in which he argued that addiction develops because it fulfils a need relating to personality profile. He highlighted ______ and ______ personality pr
Hans Eysenck developed a 'resource model of addiction' in which he argued that addiction develops because it fulfils a need relating to personality profile. He highly neuroticism and psychoticism personality profiles.
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Psychoticism and addiction:
A key trait of psychoticism is ________, it can explain why an ______ person is more likely to engage in risky behaviours without considering the consequences. Eg. taking _____ on a night out without considering long term conse
A key trait of psychoticism is ________, it can explain why an ______ person is more likely to engage in risky behaviours without considering the consequences. Eg. taking _____ on a night out without considering long term conse
A key trait of psychoticism is impulsivity, it can explain why an impulsive person is more likely to engage in risky behaviours without considering the consequences. Eg. taking cocaine on a night out without considering long term consequences.
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_____ et al conducted research using rats and found that impulsive rats had a higher _____ intake than low impulsivity rats.
______ found impulsive people were less successful in treatment programmes as they were more likely to drop out and less likely to
______ found impulsive people were less successful in treatment programmes as they were more likely to drop out and less likely to
Dalley et al conducted research using rats and found that impulsive rats had a higher cocaine intake than low impulsivity rats.
Stevens found impulsive people were less successful in treatment programmes as they were more likely to drop out and less likel
Stevens found impulsive people were less successful in treatment programmes as they were more likely to drop out and less likel
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Neuroticism and addiction:
Neurotic personalities are more susceptible to ____ and may feel they need to use AB to overcome this. They may self-______ to deal with anxiety eg. drinking alcohol to deal with stressful work days.
Neurotic personalities are more susceptible to ____ and may feel they need to use AB to overcome this. They may self-______ to deal with anxiety eg. drinking alcohol to deal with stressful work days.
Neurotic personalities are more susceptible to stress and may feel the need to use AB to overcome this. They may self-medicate to deal with anxiety eg. drinking alcohol to deal with stressful work days.
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Research shows stress plays a role in _____ of addiction. Eg. highly neurotic people may find it harder to stop engaging in AB because their stress may cause them to start ______ again to cope.
Research shows stress plays a role in relapse of addiction. Eg. highly neurotic people may find it harder to stop engaging in AB because their stress may cause them to start drinking again to cope.
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EXTENSION: Another trait of neuroticism is low ____-______. This may lead people to use AB to escape their own self-________
Eg. taking drugs to avoid negative feelings about themselves and make them feel more confident.
Eg. taking drugs to avoid negative feelings about themselves and make them feel more confident.
Another trait of neuroticism is low-self esteem. This may lead people to use AB to escape their own self-awareness.
Eg. taking drugs to avoid negative feelings about themselves and make them feel more confident.
Eg. taking drugs to avoid negative feelings about themselves and make them feel more confident.
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Extroversion/Introversion and addiction:
Evidence has indicated a link between addiction and low extraversion _____, suggesting people who are highly ________ are more likely to be addicts eg. someone who is unsociable may use alcohol to increase their so
Evidence has indicated a link between addiction and low extraversion _____, suggesting people who are highly ________ are more likely to be addicts eg. someone who is unsociable may use alcohol to increase their so
Evidence has indicated a link between addiction and low extraversion scores, suggesting people who are highly introverted are more likely to be addicts eg. someone who is unsociable may use alcohol to increase their sociability.
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However the relationship between addiction and extraversion is unclear, it may depend on the type of ______ being investigated.
___________ et al (1985) replicated Gossop and Eysenck's research and found little difference in extraversion scores in ______
___________ et al (1985) replicated Gossop and Eysenck's research and found little difference in extraversion scores in ______
However the relationship between addiction and extraversion is unclear, it may depend on the type of addiction being investigated.
Blaszczynski et al (1985) replicated Gossop and Eysenck's research and found little difference in extraversion scores in gam
Blaszczynski et al (1985) replicated Gossop and Eysenck's research and found little difference in extraversion scores in gam
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(Evaluation of personality in explaining AB)
P: a strength is that there's supporting research for the personality explanation
E: _____ et al found impulsive rats had a greater cocaine intake
Eysenck and Gossop found ___ drug addicts had high psychoticis
P: a strength is that there's supporting research for the personality explanation
E: _____ et al found impulsive rats had a greater cocaine intake
Eysenck and Gossop found ___ drug addicts had high psychoticis
P: a strength is that there's supporting research for the personality explanation
E: Dalley et al found impulsive rats had a greater cocaine intake
Eysenck and Gossop found 200 drug addicts had high psychoticism and neuroticism scores.
E: Dalley et al found impulsive rats had a greater cocaine intake
Eysenck and Gossop found 200 drug addicts had high psychoticism and neuroticism scores.
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E: This supports the role of personality traits such as psychoticism and neuroticism in AB, giving ______ and ________ to personality as an explanation of AB.
E: This supports the role of personality traits such as psychoticism and neuroticism in AB, giving validity and credibility to personality as an explanation of AB.
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P: a weakness is that there are __________ issues with research into AB and personality
E: most research is correlational, personality tests are usually given once the person has _______ AB
E: most research is correlational, personality tests are usually given once the person has _______ AB
P: a weakness is that there are methodological issues with research into AB and personality.
E: most research is correlational, personality tests are usually given once the person has developed AB.
E: most research is correlational, personality tests are usually given once the person has developed AB.
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E: So ____ and ____ cannot be established because the AB may cause the person to be more stressed or impulsive rather than their personality causing them to seek AB. Also, research relies heavily on _________ which are prone to social desirability, ppts m
E: So cause and effect cannot be established because the AB may cause the person to be more stressed or impulsive rather than their personality causing them to seek AB. Also, research relies heavily on questionnaires which are prone to social desirability
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P: a weakness is that the role of personality is ______, can't be linked to all ABs
E: impulsivity may link to some ABs such as cocaine, but not others. _______ found that impulsive rats were likely to administer cocaine, but not heroin
E: impulsivity may link to some ABs such as cocaine, but not others. _______ found that impulsive rats were likely to administer cocaine, but not heroin
P: a weakness is that the role of personality is limited, can't be linked to all AB
E: impulsivity may link to some ABs such as cocaine, but not others. McNamara found that impulsive rats were likely to administer cocaine, but not heroin
E: impulsivity may link to some ABs such as cocaine, but not others. McNamara found that impulsive rats were likely to administer cocaine, but not heroin
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E: This research challenges the personality explanation and suggests that the explanation of addiction is ______
E: This research challenges the personality explanation and suggests that this explanation of addition is inadequate.
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P: a weakness is that the personality explanation is too simplistic
E: suggests ABs are as a result of _________ alone
E: fails to account for other influences such as ____ and cognition, which have evidence to show the importance of their roles. A better
E: suggests ABs are as a result of _________ alone
E: fails to account for other influences such as ____ and cognition, which have evidence to show the importance of their roles. A better
P: a weakness is that the personality explanation is too simplistic
E: suggests ABs are as a result of personality alone
E: fails to account for other influences such as genes and cognition, which have evidence to show the importance of their roles. A bet
E: suggests ABs are as a result of personality alone
E: fails to account for other influences such as genes and cognition, which have evidence to show the importance of their roles. A bet
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EXTENSION:
Complex ABs aren't due to personality alone. _______ investigated impulsivity levels in non-addicted people and reported ______ release when given a_______s. Found those who were more impulsive released more dopamine in response to amphetamines
Complex ABs aren't due to personality alone. _______ investigated impulsivity levels in non-addicted people and reported ______ release when given a_______s. Found those who were more impulsive released more dopamine in response to amphetamines
Complex ABs aren't due to personality alone. Bucholtz investigated impulsivity levels in non-addicted people and reported dopamine release when given amphetamines. Found those who were more impulsive released more dopamine in response to amphetamines.
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Suggests biological factors play a role, more impulsive individuals more likely to get ________ because they have a greater dopamine rush from ______ rather than fulfilling their impulsive ________.
Suggests biological factors play a role, more impulsive individuals more likely to get addicted because they have a greater dopamine rush from substances rather than fulfilling their impulsive personality.
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(Individual differences explanation 2: cognitive bias)
The cognitive explanation suggests AB is caused by cognitive biases. These are _____ thought processes that don't match reality. This may lead to ________ behaviours such as addiction.
The cognitive explanation suggests AB is caused by cognitive biases. These are _____ thought processes that don't match reality. This may lead to ________ behaviours such as addiction.
The cognitive explanation suggests AB is caused by cognitive biases. These are faulty thought processes that don't match reality. This may lead to maladaptive behaviours such as addiction.
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What are the 3 cognitive biases?
- Gamblers fallacy
- Attentional bias
- Illusion of control
- Attentional bias
- Illusion of control
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Gamblers fallacy:
If something happens more often than normal then it is less likely to happen in the ______
Eg. in a casino if red comes up a lot they may place a ___ on black believing red won't come up again.
If something happens more often than normal then it is less likely to happen in the ______
Eg. in a casino if red comes up a lot they may place a ___ on black believing red won't come up again.
if something happens more often than normal then it is less likely to happen in the future
Eg. in a casino if red comes up a lot they may place a bet on black believing red won't come up again.
Eg. in a casino if red comes up a lot they may place a bet on black believing red won't come up again.
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Attentional bias:
May focus more attention to addictive _____ and ignoring other _____ in the environment, increasing motivation to enagage in AB.
Eg. gamblers walking across a street of shops but their attention is focused solely on a _______ shop.
May focus more attention to addictive _____ and ignoring other _____ in the environment, increasing motivation to enagage in AB.
Eg. gamblers walking across a street of shops but their attention is focused solely on a _______ shop.
May focus attention to addictive stimuli and ignoring other stimuli in the environment, increasing motivation to engage in AB.
Eg. gamblers walking across a street of shops but their attention is focused solely on a betting shop.
Eg. gamblers walking across a street of shops but their attention is focused solely on a betting shop.
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Illusion of control:
The belief that you can control _____ or _________ that in reality you have no control over.
Eg. using the same ____ _________ with the belief that if they choose it they will win.
The belief that you can control _____ or _________ that in reality you have no control over.
Eg. using the same ____ _________ with the belief that if they choose it they will win.
The belief that you can control events or outcomes that in reality you have no control over.
Eg. using the same slot machine with the belief that if they choose it they will win.
Eg. using the same slot machine with the belief that if they choose it they will win.
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(Evaluation of cognitive biases in explaining AB)
P: a strength is that cognitive explanations have supporting research evidence
E: ______ found that regular gambers showed more irrational verbalisations (__%) compared to non-gamblers (_._%)
P: a strength is that cognitive explanations have supporting research evidence
E: ______ found that regular gambers showed more irrational verbalisations (__%) compared to non-gamblers (_._%)
P: cognitive explanations have supporting research evidence
E: Griffiths found that regular gamblers showed more irrational verbalisations (14%) compareed to non-gamblers (2.5%)
E: Griffiths found that regular gamblers showed more irrational verbalisations (14%) compareed to non-gamblers (2.5%)
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E: shows that regular gamblers show _____ thinking in relation to AB. Gives validity to the explanation, particularly the role of self-______ bias and ______ of control.
E: shows that regular gamblers show faulty thinking in relation to AB. Gives validity to the explanation, particularly the role of self-serving bias and illusion of control.
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EXTENSION:
_____ et al (2017) compared 25 heavy drinkers to 25 light drinkers on an additional test using images connected to alcohol. Found _____ drinkers were quicker when identifying alcohol-related stimulus but slower on non-alcohol stimulus.
Gives va
_____ et al (2017) compared 25 heavy drinkers to 25 light drinkers on an additional test using images connected to alcohol. Found _____ drinkers were quicker when identifying alcohol-related stimulus but slower on non-alcohol stimulus.
Gives va
Knight et al (2017) compared 25 heavy drinkers to 25 light drinkers on an additional test using images connected to alcohol. Found heavy drinkers were quicker when identifying alcohol-relateed stimulus but slower on non-alcohol stimulus.
Gives validity to
Gives validity to
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P: a weakness is that it is a __________ explanation of AB.
E: _______ bias may explain an addict's tendency to be drawn to cues, but doesn't explain how _____ thought processes develop in first place
E: cognitive biases isn't a sole factor of AB and igno
E: _______ bias may explain an addict's tendency to be drawn to cues, but doesn't explain how _____ thought processes develop in first place
E: cognitive biases isn't a sole factor of AB and igno
P: a weakness is that it is a reductionist explanation of AB.
E: attentional bias may explain an addict's tendency to be drawn to cues, but doesn't explain how faulty thought processes develop in the first place
E: cognitive biases isn't a sole factor of
E: attentional bias may explain an addict's tendency to be drawn to cues, but doesn't explain how faulty thought processes develop in the first place
E: cognitive biases isn't a sole factor of
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EXTENSION:
May be a sole factor of AB because _______ argues that AB makes changes to the frontal cortex, which could be causing _______ bias, meaning biological explanations offer a better _____ of AB
May be a sole factor of AB because _______ argues that AB makes changes to the frontal cortex, which could be causing _______ bias, meaning biological explanations offer a better _____ of AB
May be a sole factor of AB because Volkow argues that AB makes changes to frontal cortex, which could be causing attentional bias, meaning biological explanation offers a better account of AB.
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P: a strength is that cognitive biases can be used to _____ AB
E: addict can use CBT techniques such as ______ ___________ to help break down faulty thoughts relating to AB.
E: addict can use CBT techniques such as ______ ___________ to help break down faulty thoughts relating to AB.
P: a strength is that cognitive biases can be used to modify AB
E: addict can use CBT techniques such as empirical disputation to help break down faulty thoughts relating to AB.
E: addict can use CBT techniques such as empirical disputation to help break down faulty thoughts relating to AB.
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E: helps addicts to _____ specific beliefs to reduce their AB, and help them think more _________ before engaging in AB. This should reduce the amount they engage in AB.
E: helps addict to correct specific beliefs to reduce their AB, and help them think more rationally before engaging in AB. This should reduce the amount they engage in AB.
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(Applying one individ. differences explanation to modify AB)
The cognitive explanation suggests AB is due to ______ bias and faulty thought processes. _______ found regular gamblers made more irrational verbalisations when playing on fruit machines and wh
The cognitive explanation suggests AB is due to ______ bias and faulty thought processes. _______ found regular gamblers made more irrational verbalisations when playing on fruit machines and wh
The cognitive explanation suggests AB is due to attentional bias and faulty thought processses. Griffiths found regular gamblers made more irrational verbalisations when playing on fruit machines and when played back to them, they were surprised at what t
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So to modify AB, the person needs to work on faulty processing by using CBT techniques such as empirical ________ or cognitive ____________ to help reduce faulty thoughts.
Helps addicts modify their AB by teaching them to think more __________ before enga
Helps addicts modify their AB by teaching them to think more __________ before enga
So to modify AB, the person needs to work on faulty processing by using CBT techniques such as empirical disputation or cognitive restructuring to help reduce faulty thoughts.
Helps addict to modify their AB by teaching them to think more rationally befor
Helps addict to modify their AB by teaching them to think more rationally befor
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Biological Explanation 1: Role of dopamine in AB
The dopamine explanation argues that AB is initially driven by the release of ________ neurotransmitter through the brain's reward system known as the _______ pathway.
The dopamine explanation argues that AB is initially driven by the release of ________ neurotransmitter through the brain's reward system known as the _______ pathway.
The dopamine explanation argues that AB is initially driven by the release of dopamine neurotransmitter through the brain's reward system known as the mesolimbic pathway.
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Engaging in AB triggers the release of dopamine from the ventral _________ area to the nucleus _______. When dopamine binds to and activates __ receptors in NAc they feel a sense of pleasure which motivates them to _____ the behaviour to feel the same ple
Engaging in AB triggers the release of dopamine from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens. When dopamine binds to and activated D2 receptors in NAc they feel a sense of pleasure which motivates them to repeat the behaviour to feel the same
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Research shows that repeatedly carrying out AB leads to a decrease in __ receptors and decrease in amount of ______ released overtime. So the addict will have to engage more in the AB to feel the same sense of pleasure as they have built up a ________.
Research shows that repeatedly carrying out AB leads to a decrease in D2 receptors and decrease in amount of dopamine released overtime. So the addict will have to engage more in the AB to feel the same sense of pleasure as they have built up a tolerance.
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If they stop AB they will experience unpleasant ________ symptoms. To avoid these, the person will engage once more in AB (they ______) so dopamine continues to be released and ______ stops. This explains why addicts continue with AB despite not getting t
If they stop AB they will experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. To avoid these, the person will engage once more in AB (they relapse) so the dopamine continues to be released and withdrawal stops. This explains why addicts continue with AB despite no
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______ argues that there's more complex brain processes in creating the addiction. When engaging in AB, dopamine travels from VTA to ________ cortex via ________ pathway. The AB changes signals in _________ cortex so it places more importance on AB, this
Volkow argues that there's more complex brain processes in creating the addiction. When engaging in AB, dopamine travels from VTA to prefrontal cortex viaa mesocortical pathway. The AB changes signals in prefrontal cortex so it places more importance on A
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EXTENSION:
Dopamine also stimulates neurons in the ____ _______, which helps form habits by identifying _______ patterns
Dopamine also stimulates neurons in the ____ _______, which helps form habits by identifying _______ patterns
Dopamine also stimulates neurons in the dorsal striatum, which helps form habits by identifying enjoyable patterns.
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Evaluating the role of dopamine:
P: a strength is that there's research evidence to support dopamine
E: ______ et al found fMRI studies show during drug intoxification, the regions associated with DA become activated as a part of a complex pattern includi
P: a strength is that there's research evidence to support dopamine
E: ______ et al found fMRI studies show during drug intoxification, the regions associated with DA become activated as a part of a complex pattern includi
P: a strength is that there's supporting evidence to support dopamine
E: Volkow et al found fMRI studies show during drug intoxification, the regions associated with DA become activated as a part of a complex pattern including brain circuits associated wi
E: Volkow et al found fMRI studies show during drug intoxification, the regions associated with DA become activated as a part of a complex pattern including brain circuits associated wi
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E: This scientific evidence clearly demonstrates a link between _______ and ________ addictions, giving credibility to the explanation
E: This scientific evidence clearly demonstrates a link between dopamine and substance addictions, giving credibility to the explanation
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P: A weakness is that the dopamine role isn't supported in all addictions
E: _____ et al (2009) found no significant increase in DA levels in volunteers taking cannabis, _____ found no consistent increase in DA across participants who were given alcohol
E: _____ et al (2009) found no significant increase in DA levels in volunteers taking cannabis, _____ found no consistent increase in DA across participants who were given alcohol
P: a weakness is that the dopamine role isn't supported in all addiction
E: Stokes et al (2009) found no significant increase in DA levels in volunteers taking cannabis, Yoder found no consistent increase in DA across participants who were given alcohol
E: Stokes et al (2009) found no significant increase in DA levels in volunteers taking cannabis, Yoder found no consistent increase in DA across participants who were given alcohol
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E: DA is an inadequate explanation of AB. It may explain some addictions eg. ______ but can't explain common addictions such as ______ so there may be better explanations such as genes
E: DA is an inadequate explanation of AB. It may explain some addictions eg. smoking but can't explain common addictions such as alcoholism so there may be better explanations such as genes
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EXT: However Professor ___ (2015) criticised the methodology of these study types as _____ sizes are too small and ppts are given substances in a different form in a lab rather than a normal _________
EXT; However Professor Nutt (2015) criticised the methodology of these study types as sample sizes are too small and ppts are given substances in a different form in a lab rather than a normal environment
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P: A strength is that the dopamine explanation has applications to _________
E: Antagonist drugs such as _______ prevent the release of DA, which reduces the rewarding effects of alcohol, so they wouldn't feel any pleasure
E: Antagonist drugs such as _______ prevent the release of DA, which reduces the rewarding effects of alcohol, so they wouldn't feel any pleasure
P: A strength is that the dopamine explanation has applications to treatment
E: Antagonist drugs such as naltrexone prevent the release of DA, which reduces the rewarding effects of alcohol, so they wouldn't feel any pleasure
E: Antagonist drugs such as naltrexone prevent the release of DA, which reduces the rewarding effects of alcohol, so they wouldn't feel any pleasure
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E: Gives _____ to DA explanation that DA release is involved in AB
However, antagonist treatments are most effective with other methods such as _____ _________ therapy which suggests DA isn't the sole cause of AB
However, antagonist treatments are most effective with other methods such as _____ _________ therapy which suggests DA isn't the sole cause of AB
E: Gives validity to DA explanation that DA release is involved in AB
However, antagonist treatments are most effective with other methods such cognitive behavioural therapy which suggests DA isn't the sole cause of AB
However, antagonist treatments are most effective with other methods such cognitive behavioural therapy which suggests DA isn't the sole cause of AB
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P: A strength is that there's supporting research for pre ______ _____ in AB
E: ____ et al (1999) found an increase in activity in this brain area when exposed to drugs or cues associated with drugs
E: ____ et al (1999) found an increase in activity in this brain area when exposed to drugs or cues associated with drugs
P: A strength is that there's supporting research for pre frontal cortex in AB
E: Wang et al (1999) found an increase in activity in this brain area when exposed to drugs or cues associated with drugs
E: Wang et al (1999) found an increase in activity in this brain area when exposed to drugs or cues associated with drugs
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E: Provides scientific credibility for ______ argument that DA makes changes to frontal cortex of the addicts brain, which focuses the brain's ________ on AB (salience)
E: Provides scientific credibility for Volkow's argument that DA makes changes to frontal cortex of the addicts brain, which focuses the brain's attention on AB (salience)
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P: A weakness of the role of DA is that it's highly _________
E: Addictive behaviour is complex, but this is reduced to the role of dopamine and ______ pathways
E: Addictive behaviour is complex, but this is reduced to the role of dopamine and ______ pathways
P: A weakness of the role of DA is that it's highly reductionist
E: Addictive behaviour is complex, but this is reduced to the role of dopamine and reward pathways
E: Addictive behaviour is complex, but this is reduced to the role of dopamine and reward pathways
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E: Ignores other important influences on AB such as personality, social factors and cognitions which have research to support them. Eg. _____ and _____ (2001) found PSN strongly influence college drinking
E: Ignores other important influences on AB such as personality, social factors and cognitions which have research to support them. Eg. Bosari and Carey (2001) found PSN strongly influence college drinking
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EXT: A more appopriate explanation is the ______ ____ model which suggests addicts have a biological predisposition to AB if there's an ___________ trigger
EXT: A more appropriate explanation is the diathesis stress model which suggests addicts have a biological predisposition to AB if there's an environmental trigger
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Dopamine applied to modify AB:
Role of DA suggests AB is caused by an increase in ______ because of engaging in AB, when DA is released an individual experiences _______ and is encouraged to repeat AB
Role of DA suggests AB is caused by an increase in ______ because of engaging in AB, when DA is released an individual experiences _______ and is encouraged to repeat AB
Role of DA suggests AB is caused by an increase in dopamine because engaging in AB, when DA is released an individual experiences pleasure and is encouraged to repeat AB
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To modify AB we need to manipulate the role of DA, can be done by giving addicts drugs eg. antagonist drugs such as __________ to impact the role of DA to remove their AB
To modify AB we need to manipulate the role of DA, can be done by giving addicts drugs eg. antagonist drugs such as naltrexone to impact the role of DA to remove their AB
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Modifies AB by binding to _______ in brain, blocking pleasure received from AB. Blocks ____ receptors and in turn prevents the release of DA meaning the individual no longer experiences reward from AB, leading to a ________ in usage and long term ________
Modifies AB by binding to receptors in brain, blocking pleasure received from AB. Blocks opiod receptors and in turn prevents the release of DA meaning the individual no longer experiences reward from AB, leading to a reduction in usage and long term abst
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Bio explanation 2: Role of genes
Some individuals have a variant of the ____ gene and this has shown to be linked to AB. ____ gene results in less D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens so the person won't feel as much _____ from AB so they engage in AB more t
Some individuals have a variant of the ____ gene and this has shown to be linked to AB. ____ gene results in less D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens so the person won't feel as much _____ from AB so they engage in AB more t
Some individuals have a variant of the DRD2 gene and this has shown to be linked to AB. D2A1 gene results in less D2 receptors in nucleus accumbens so the person won't feel as much pleasure from AB so they engage in AB more to overstimulate receptors.
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Comings (1996) found __._% smokers carried D2A1 gene compared to __._% non-smokers. Similarly __._% of gamblers had the gene compared to __._% non-gamblers.
Comings (1996) found 48.7% smokers carried D2A1 gene compared to 25.9% non-smokers. Similarly 50.9% of gamblers had the gene compared to 25.9% non-gmablers.
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Two genes _____ __________ (ADH) and _______ ____________ (ALDH) help the body metabolise alcohol. ADH enzyme breaks down alcohol into ____________. The ALDH enzyme breaks this down into acetic water and acid
Two genes alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) help the body metabolise alcohol. ADH enzyme breaks down alcohol into acetaldehyde. The ALDH enzyme breaks this down into acetic water and acid.
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Research has demonstrated certain variants of ADH and ALDH genes influence the likelihood of alcohol addiction. Variant _____ increases the risk for alcoholism because no ___________ build up is associated with the variant so addicts can drink more withou
Research has demonstrated certain variants of ADH and ALDH genes influence the likelihood of alcohol addiction. Variant ADH1B increases the risk for alcoholism because no acetaldehyde build up is associated with the variant so addicts can drink more witho
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______ (2007) found in a sample of 9080 men and women with _____ gene variant drank more alcohol and had a higher risk of alcoholism. Presence of ADH1B was linked to alcoholism among white population (__%) and East Asian population (__%)
Tolstrup (2007) found in a sample of 9080 men and women with ADH1B variant drank more alcohol and had a higher risk of alcoholism. Presence of ADH1B was linked to alcoholism among white population (62%) and East Asian population (24%)
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Evaluation of the role of genes
P: A strength is that genetic explanations have high scientific validity as they are based on _______, ______ principles
E: Studies using gene mapping identified ____ and _____ variants associated with increased risk for ce
P: A strength is that genetic explanations have high scientific validity as they are based on _______, ______ principles
E: Studies using gene mapping identified ____ and _____ variants associated with increased risk for ce
P: Genetic explanations have high scientific validity as they are based on objective, measurable principles
E: Studies using gene mapping identified D2A! and ADH1B variants associated with increased risk for certain AB
E: Studies using gene mapping identified D2A! and ADH1B variants associated with increased risk for certain AB
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E: Bio explanations are well-________ by wider scientific community as an explanation of AB, compared to other explanations such as ______ which lacks scientific nature
E: Bio explanations are well-respected by wider scientific community as an explanation of AB, compared to to other explanations such as personality which lacks scientific nature.
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P: A weakness is that genetic explanation is highly ________
E: Implied that if a person has a specific gene make-up eg. D2A1 then it is ______ they will become an addict
E: Implied that if a person has a specific gene make-up eg. D2A1 then it is ______ they will become an addict
P: A weakness is that genetic explanation is highly deterministic
E: Implied that if a person has a specific gene make-up eg. D2A1 then it is inevitable they will become an addict.
E: Implied that if a person has a specific gene make-up eg. D2A1 then it is inevitable they will become an addict.
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E: Ignores the role of free will which can remove personal __________, addicts may feel engaging in treatment programmes is _______ as recovery isn't within their control
E: Ignores the role of free will which can remove personal responsibility, addicts may feel engaging in treatment programmes is pointless as recovery isn't within their control
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EXT: May be a strength as it explains why addicts struggle to _____ AB despite wanting to stop. Someone interviewed for National Geographic said "I forever thought drinking as a weakness, there is so much power in understanding its a _____", reducing the
EXT: May be a strength as it explains why addicts struggle to control AB despite wanting to stop. Someone interviewed for National Geographic said "I forever thought drinking was a weakness, there is so much power in understanding its a disease", reducing
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P: A strength is that there's supporting genetic evidence
E: Comings (1996) found __% smokers carried D2A1 gene compared to __% non-smokers. __% gamblers had D2A1 gene compared to __% non-gamblers
E: Comings (1996) found __% smokers carried D2A1 gene compared to __% non-smokers. __% gamblers had D2A1 gene compared to __% non-gamblers
P: A strength is that there's supporting genetic evidence
E: Comings (1996) found 49% smokers carried D2A1 gene compared to 26% non-smokers. 51% gamblers had D2A1 gene compared to 26% non-gamblers.
E: Comings (1996) found 49% smokers carried D2A1 gene compared to 26% non-smokers. 51% gamblers had D2A1 gene compared to 26% non-gamblers.
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______ (2007) found in a sample of 9080 men and women with ADH1B drank more alcohol and had a higher risk of alcoholism. ADH1B linked to alcoholism among white population (__%) and East Asian population (__%)
Tolstrup (2007) found in a sample of 9080 men and women with ADH1B drank more alcohol and had a higher risk of alcoholism. ADH1B linked to alcoholism among white population (62%) and East Asian population (24%)
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E: Provides good support for the role of genetic factors, in particular the ____ gene in addictions
P: Provides good support for the role of genetic factors, in particular the D2A1 gene in addictions.
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Modifying addictive behaviour - agonist and antagonist substitution
An agonist is a drug that ______ opiod receptors in the brain, mimicing the action of another neurotransmitter or substance
An agonist is a drug that ______ opiod receptors in the brain, mimicing the action of another neurotransmitter or substance
An agonist is a drug that activates opiod receptors in the brain, mimicing the action of another neurotransmitter or substance.
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An agonist drug used to treat AB is _______ which modifies heroin addiction. It binds to opioid receptors and _____ them in a similar way to heroin. Causing enough stimulation to reduce _____ for heroin and prevents addict going into __________
An agonist drug used to treat AB is methadone which modifies heroin addiction. It binds to opioid receptors and activates them in a similar way to heroin. Causing enough stimulation to reduce cravings for heroin and prevents addict going into withdrawal.
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Stored in the bloodstream and liver so is released slowly, so no significant ____ or ______ unlike taking heroin. Occupies opiod receptors for longer to _______ use of other opiod drugs.
Stored in bloodstream and liver so is released slowly, so no significant highs or crashes unlike taking heroin. Occupies opioid receptors for longer to discourage use of other opioid drugs.
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It's administered by a medical professional, patient needs to go to pharmacy ____ to receive dosage. Dosage is 10-__mg up to ___mg maximum, the dose may start high then is reduced until the patient achieves _____
It's administered by a medical professional, patient needs to go to pharmacy daily to receive dosage. Dosage is 10-40mg up to 120mg maximum, the dose may start high then is reduced until the patient achieves detox.
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EXT: ________ is a partial opioid agonist, it binds to opioid receptors but activates them less ______ than full agonists. Can reduce _______ and ________ in a person with an opioid use disorder.
Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist, it binds to opioid receptors but activates them less strongly than full agonists. Can reduce cravings and withdrawal in a person with an opioid use disorder.
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Antagonist substitution:
An antagonist drug _____ or ____ a reaction by binding to opioid receptors rather than activating them, stopping the effect of the ________ or __________
An antagonist drug _____ or ____ a reaction by binding to opioid receptors rather than activating them, stopping the effect of the ________ or __________
An antagonist drug blocks or stops a reaction by binding to opioid receptors rather than activating them, stopping the effect of the substance or neurotransmitter.
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An example is _______, it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the effects of AB, so no _____ gained from it, and no increase in ______ levels, making AB less rewarding so they are less likely to _____
An example is naltrexone, it binds to opioid receptors and blocks the effects of AB, so no pleasure gained from it, and no increase in dopamine levels, making AB less rewarding so they are less likely to engage in AB.
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Also helps reduce _______ as AB no longer leads to pleasure. Advised to be taken in the ________ stage in treatment when addict is highly motivated to escape opioid/alcohol dependency. Sometimes it can be taken to bring on a quicker ________ to encourage
Also helps reduce cravings as AB no longer leads to pleasure. Advised to be taken in the abstinence stage in treatment when addict is highly motivated to escape opioid/alcohol dependency. Sometimes it can be taken to bring on a quicker withdrawal to encou
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Can be given as a _____ orally, as a depot ________ into a muscle, or as an ______ which isn't available in the UK.
Can be given as a tablet orally, as a depot injection into a muscle, or as an implant which isn't available in the UK.
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Effectiveness of substitution
P: A strength is that there’s research evidence to support effectiveness of methadone
E: ____ conducted 31 reviews of methadone found that it increases retention on treatment programmes and reduces opioid use
P: A strength is that there’s research evidence to support effectiveness of methadone
E: ____ conducted 31 reviews of methadone found that it increases retention on treatment programmes and reduces opioid use
P: A strength is that there’s research evidence to support effectiveness of methadone
E: NICE conducted 31 reviews of methadone found that it increases retention on treatment programmes and reduces opioid use
E: NICE conducted 31 reviews of methadone found that it increases retention on treatment programmes and reduces opioid use
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Van der ____ conducted a meta-analysis and found adequate dosage is effective as maintenance treatment.
E: Methadone is effective at _______ addicts on treatment programmes and keeping them off heroin
E: Methadone is effective at _______ addicts on treatment programmes and keeping them off heroin
Van der Brink conducted a meta-analysis and found adequate dosage is effective as maintenance treatment.
E: Methadone is effective at retaining addicts on treatment programmes and keeping them off heroin.
E: Methadone is effective at retaining addicts on treatment programmes and keeping them off heroin.
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P: A weakness is that there’s conflicting evidence of naltrexone’s effectiveness
E: ____ reviewed 17 studies and found no significant difference for retention to treatment between naltrexone and control group.
E: ____ reviewed 17 studies and found no significant difference for retention to treatment between naltrexone and control group.
P: A weakness is that there’s conflicting evidence of naltrexone’s effectiveness
E: NICE reviewed 17 studies and found no significant difference for retention to treatment between naltrexone and control group.
E: NICE reviewed 17 studies and found no significant difference for retention to treatment between naltrexone and control group.
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However when results were pooled, naltrexone was associated with reduced risk of _____ for those highly motivated and have support.
However when results were pooled, naltrexone was associated with reduced risk of relapse for those highly motivated and have support.
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E: suggests naltrexone may be effective for particular individuals that are _________ but not all addicts, which questions it’s overall effectiveness.
E: Suggests naltrexone may be effective for particular individuals that are motivated but not all addicts, which questions it’s overall effectiveness.
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P: A weakness is the ___________ issues with studies investigating the effectiveness of methadone and naltrexone
E: Studies rarely include a follow up study to test _________ in long term, addicts may relapse after years of treatment
E: Studies rarely include a follow up study to test _________ in long term, addicts may relapse after years of treatment
P: A weakness is the methodological issues with studies investigating the effectiveness of methadone and naltrexone
E: Studies rarely include a follow up study to test abstinence in long term, addicts may relapse after years of treatment.
E: Studies rarely include a follow up study to test abstinence in long term, addicts may relapse after years of treatment.
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E: The research that focuses on short-term effectiveness is not a ____ measurement of long-term effectiveness of methadone and naltrexone.
E: The research that focuses on short-term effectiveness is not a valid measurement of long-term effectiveness of methadone and naltrexone.
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P: A weakness is that critics challenge the true effectiveness of methadone
E: Ultimate aim of treatment programmes is that the person achieves __________, many don’t achieve this. Methadone is criticised as ‘nationalised ____ ________’
E: Ultimate aim of treatment programmes is that the person achieves __________, many don’t achieve this. Methadone is criticised as ‘nationalised ____ ________’
P: A weakness is that critics challenge the true effectiveness of methadone.
E: Ultimate aim of treatment programmes is that the person achieves abstinence, many don’t achieve this. Methadone is criticised as ‘nationalised drug dealing’
E: Ultimate aim of treatment programmes is that the person achieves abstinence, many don’t achieve this. Methadone is criticised as ‘nationalised drug dealing’
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E: Agonist substitution methods are ineffective as they simply ______ one AB (heroin) for another (methadone). However, supporters would argue methadone is a _____ and _________ treatment to help start recovery.
E: Agonist substitution methods are ineffective as they simply replace one AB (heroin) for another (methadone). However, supporters would argue methadone is a cheap and effective treatment to help start recovery.
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Ethics of substitution
P: Both subs methods pose a risk of harm
E: Methadone can interfere with alcohol and antidepressants to cause _______ and stomach issues, naltrexone can affect _____ function.
P: Both subs methods pose a risk of harm
E: Methadone can interfere with alcohol and antidepressants to cause _______ and stomach issues, naltrexone can affect _____ function.
P: Both subs methods pose a risk of harm
E: Methadone can interfere with alcohol and antidepressants to cause respiratory and stomach issues, naltrexone can affect liver function.
E: Methadone can interfere with alcohol and antidepressants to cause respiratory and stomach issues, naltrexone can affect liver function.
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Both methods lead to an increased risk of overdose. In 2018 (UK) there were ___ deaths linked to methadone overdose
Both methods lead to an increased risk of overdose. In 2018 (UK) there were 416 deaths linked to methadone overdose.
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E: Unethical as they cause serious risks to patients who take them. However they are risky anyway, in 2018 there were ____ deaths with opioid overdose so this rate is high from original AB
E: Unethical as they cause serious risks to patients who take them. However they are risky anyway, in 2018 there were 2208 deaths with opioid overdose so this rate is high from original AB.
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P: A strength is that subs methods reduce engagement in dangerous AB, so long-term benefits.
E: Methadone is safer than injecting heroin because it reduces ______ and risk of ___
E: Methadone is safer than injecting heroin because it reduces ______ and risk of ___
P: Subs methods reduce engagement in dangerous AB, so long-term benefits.
E: Methadone is safer than injecting heroin because it reduces infection and risk of HIV.
E: Methadone is safer than injecting heroin because it reduces infection and risk of HIV.
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E: Helps people stop harmful substance use which have negative impact on _____. Both methods ease/speed up ________, so they are a more gentle treatment for AB compared to ________ programmes which are unpleasant.
E: Helps people stop harmful substances use which have negative impact on health. Both methods ease/speed up withdrawal, so they are a more gentle treatment for AB compared to abstinence programmes which are unpleasant.
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P: A weakness is that subs methods only deal with symptoms of AB, not cause.
E: Naltrexone blocks _____ and makes AB less rewarding, methadone maintains AB my mimicking heroin
E: Naltrexone blocks _____ and makes AB less rewarding, methadone maintains AB my mimicking heroin
P: A weakness is that subs methods only deal with symptoms of AB, not cause.
E: Naltrexone blocks pleasure and makes AB less rewarding, methadone maintains AB by mimicking heroin.
E: Naltrexone blocks pleasure and makes AB less rewarding, methadone maintains AB by mimicking heroin.
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E: Modifications don’t help addicts get rid of their AB. The use of agonist subs ______ one AB for another and methadone is more _______ than heroin so addicts will remain on it for years. So without the right support they will struggle to achieve _______
E: Modifications don’t help addicts get rid of their AB. The use of agonist subs replaces on AB for another and methadone is more addictive than heroin so addicts will remain on it for years. So without the right support they will struggle to achieve abst
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P: A strength is that there’s alternatives to methadone such as ________ which is safer
E: It has a ‘_____ effect’ so after a certain amount has been taken then taking more won’t increase the effects of the drug, reducing the risk of ______
E: It has a ‘_____ effect’ so after a certain amount has been taken then taking more won’t increase the effects of the drug, reducing the risk of ______
P: A strength is that there’s alternatives to methadone such as buprenorphine which is safer
E: It has a ‘ceiling effect’ so after a certain amount has been taken then taking more won’t increase the effects of the drug, reducing the risk of overdose.
E: It has a ‘ceiling effect’ so after a certain amount has been taken then taking more won’t increase the effects of the drug, reducing the risk of overdose.
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_____ in 2015 conducted research over 5 years and found buprenorphine to be _ times safer than methadone.
E: There are ____ treatments for opioid addiction.
E: There are ____ treatments for opioid addiction.
Marteau in 2015 conducted research over 5 years and found buprenorphine to be 6 times safer than methadone.
E: There are safer treatments for opioid addiction.
E: There are safer treatments for opioid addiction.
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Social implications of substitution
P: A strength is that it’s ____ and _______ compared to programmes that allows an addict to function ‘normally’ in society.
E: If an addict isn’t taking illicit opioids, they are more able to function in daily life and
P: A strength is that it’s ____ and _______ compared to programmes that allows an addict to function ‘normally’ in society.
E: If an addict isn’t taking illicit opioids, they are more able to function in daily life and
P: A strength is that it’s cheap and convenient compared to programmes that allows an addict to function ‘normally’ in society.
E: If an addict isn’t taking illicit opioids, they are more able to function in daily life and less likely to commit crimes.
E: If an addict isn’t taking illicit opioids, they are more able to function in daily life and less likely to commit crimes.
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Some sources suggest methadone cuts criminality by half. The national ____ ______ who scrutinise public spending for government suggest methadone is a ‘good value for _____’
Some sources suggest methadone cuts criminality by half. The national audit office who scrutinise public spending for government suggest methadone is a ‘good value for money’
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E: Both subs methods provide benefits to making society _____ and reducing ____ in dealing with drug related crimes.
E: Both subs methods provide benefits to making society safer and reducing costs in dealing with drug related crimes.
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P: A weakness is the lack of long-term benefits.
E: The Centre for _____ report claimed methadone is an expensive failure, costing the UK up to £_ billion a year, and often addicts remain on programmes for years and use other substances alongside it
E: The Centre for _____ report claimed methadone is an expensive failure, costing the UK up to £_ billion a year, and often addicts remain on programmes for years and use other substances alongside it
P: A weakness is the lack of long-term benefits.
E: The Centre for Policy report claimed methadone is an expensive failure, costing the UK up to £1 billion a year, and often addicts remain on programmes for years and use other substances alongside it.
E: The Centre for Policy report claimed methadone is an expensive failure, costing the UK up to £1 billion a year, and often addicts remain on programmes for years and use other substances alongside it.
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E: Agonist subs isn’t good value for money in long-term. While more expensive, ______ programmes may be more successful in stopping AB for good, so the way we treat heroin addiction as a society needs __________.
E: Agonist subs isn’t good value for money in long-term. While more expensive, abstinence programmes may be more successful in stopping AB for good, so the way we treat heroin addiction as a society needs reconsideration.
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P: A weakness is that society needs to change how it approaches current treatment for AB rather than ______ addicts.
E: ____ Hari claims we need to invest in reconnecting addicts with society rather than cutting them off.
E: ____ Hari claims we need to invest in reconnecting addicts with society rather than cutting them off.
P: A weakness is that socierty needs to change how it approaches current treatment for AB rather than punishing addicts.
E: Johan Hari claims we need to invest in reconnecting addicts with society rather than cutting them off.
E: Johan Hari claims we need to invest in reconnecting addicts with society rather than cutting them off.
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In Portugal they have _________ all drugs and reinvested money into reintegrating addicts back into society. Resulting in lower levels of ____ use and ______
In Portugal they have decriminalised all drugs and reinvested money into reintegrating addicts back into society. Resulting in lower levels of heroin use and overdose.
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E: Alternative forms of treating and dealing with opioid addiction may be more _________ than substitution.
E: Alternative forms of treating and dealing with opioid addiction may be more successful than subtitution.
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Modifying AB - aversion therapy
Replaces the _____ association with an unpleasant one, therefore enabling the person to unlearn the AB
Replaces the _____ association with an unpleasant one, therefore enabling the person to unlearn the AB
Replaces the positive association with an unpleasant one, therefore enabling the person ton unlearn the AB.
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Counterconditioning:
AT is based on the ______ conditioning to create a new conditioned response to unwanted behaviour.
AT is based on the ______ conditioning to create a new conditioned response to unwanted behaviour.
AT is based on classical conditioning to create a new conditioned response to unwanted behaviour.
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Client presented with aversive stimulus such as ____ (UCS), repeatedly paired with undesirable behaviour such as ______ (NS) to produce an unpleasant response such as _______ (UCR)
Client presented with aversive stimulus such as drug (UCS), repeatedly paired with undesirable behaviour such as alcohol (NS) to produce an unpleasant response such as sickness (UCR).
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Creates a new negative _________ to unwanted behaviour. Person now associates AB (CS) with an unpleasant feeling such as _______ (CR), therefore stopping AB.
Creates a new negative association to unwanted behaviour. Person now associates AB (CS) with an unpleasant feeling such as sickness (CR), therefore stopping AB.
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EXT: _____ conditioning plays a role. By avoiding the AB, they avoid the unpleasant feeling such as sickness, maintaining ______ is negatively reinforced.
Operant conditioning plays a role. By avoiding the AB, they avoid the unpleasant feeling such as sickness, maintaining abstinence is negatively reinforced.
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Antabuse:
Affects how the body metabolises alcohol by blocking _____ __________ and increasing the amount of __________. Causes a build-up of __________, which is a toxin, causing unpleasant effects such as sickness.
Affects how the body metabolises alcohol by blocking _____ __________ and increasing the amount of __________. Causes a build-up of __________, which is a toxin, causing unpleasant effects such as sickness.
Affects how the body metabolises alcohol by blocking aldehyde dehydrogenase and increasing the amount acetaldehyde. Causes a build-up of acetaldehyde, which is a toxin, causing unpleasant effects such as sickness.
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So when a person drinks alcohol while taking Antabuse, they feel unwell within __ minutes. So alcohol is associated with _____ reaction. Addict no longer experiences desire for alcohol.
So when a person drinks alcohol while taking antabuse, they feel unwell within 10 minutes. So alcohol is associated with negative reaction. Addict no longer experiences desire for alcohol.
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(Types of AT) Rapid smoking:
Smokers takes a puff every _ seconds until they feel sick, they associate sickness with cigarettes, developing an _____ to smoking. Repeated over several sessions to make ________ strong enough for a severe aversion.
Smokers takes a puff every _ seconds until they feel sick, they associate sickness with cigarettes, developing an _____ to smoking. Repeated over several sessions to make ________ strong enough for a severe aversion.
Smokers take a puff ever 6 seconds until they feel sick, they associate sickness with cigarettes, developing an aversion to smoking. Repeated over several sessions to make association strong enough for a severe aversion.
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Electric shock therapy:
Gambler takes part in gambling or watches a _____ of themselves/someone else gambling while receiving shocks. This is repeated until a negative ________ is created.
Gambler takes part in gambling or watches a _____ of themselves/someone else gambling while receiving shocks. This is repeated until a negative ________ is created.
Gambler takes part in gambling or watches a video of themselves/someone else gambling while receiving shocks. This is repeated until a negative association is created.
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EXT: Covert sensitisation
Indirect form of AT, using _______ rather than aversive stimulus. Not commonly used but more ethical because no _______ response is caused.
Indirect form of AT, using _______ rather than aversive stimulus. Not commonly used but more ethical because no _______ response is caused.
Indirect form of AT, using imagination rather than aversive stimulus. Not commonly used but more ethical because no unpleasant response is caused.
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For example, alcoholic imagines upsetting scenarios in relation to drinking that get __________ _____ eg. Falling over when drunk, being sick, sick on someone else.
For example, alcoholic imagines upsetting scenarios in relation to drinking that get progressively worse eg. Falling over when drunk, being sick, sick on someone else.
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Effectiveness of AT
P: Rapid smoking appears to be effective in short-term.
E: ______ (2007) found smoking condition showed a decrease in urge to smoke in 24 hours compared to control watching ____-_______ video.
P: Rapid smoking appears to be effective in short-term.
E: ______ (2007) found smoking condition showed a decrease in urge to smoke in 24 hours compared to control watching ____-_______ video.
Rapid smoking appears to be effective in short-term. McRobbie (2007) found smoking condition showed a decrease in urge to smoke in 24 hours compared to control watching anti-smoking video.
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E: However there was no significant difference over _ weeks. Suggests AT may be an effective _____-____ solution to reduce urge to smoke.
E: However there was no significant difference over 4 weeks. Suggests AT may be an effective short-term solution to reduce urge to smoke..
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P: A strength is that there’s evidence to support effectiveness of Antabuse.
E: ________ and _____ (2003) compared Antabuse to a placebo, Antabuse patients had a longer period of abstinence.
E: ________ and _____ (2003) compared Antabuse to a placebo, Antabuse patients had a longer period of abstinence.
P: A strength is that there’s evidence to support effectiveness of Antabuse.
E: Neiderhoffen and Staffen (2003) compared Antabuse to a placebo, Antabuse patients has a longer period of abstinence.
E: Neiderhoffen and Staffen (2003) compared Antabuse to a placebo, Antabuse patients has a longer period of abstinence.
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E: AT is an effective treatment for encouraging ________ from alcohol.
E: AT is an effective treatment for encouraging abstinence from alcohol.
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P: AT eliminates behaviour rather than root cause.
E: Negative association may treat how person feels about AB, but if cause is ________ they may switch to another AB to fulfil these issues (symptoms ________).
E: Negative association may treat how person feels about AB, but if cause is ________ they may switch to another AB to fulfil these issues (symptoms ________).
P: AT eliminates behaviour rather than root cause.
E: Negative association may treat how person feels about AB, but if cause is biological they may switch to another AB to fulfil these issues (symptom substitution).
E: Negative association may treat how person feels about AB, but if cause is biological they may switch to another AB to fulfil these issues (symptom substitution).
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E: Suggests AT is not a ____ for AB, other methods such as ___ may be more effective in modifying AB.
E: Suggests AT is not a cure for AB, other methods such as CBT may be more effective in modifying AB.
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Ethics of AT:
P: Risk of harm
E: Antabuse can have negative effects when mixed with alcohol, such as _____ and ____ failures.
Rapid smoking involves intensely smoking a _____ substance.
P: Risk of harm
E: Antabuse can have negative effects when mixed with alcohol, such as _____ and ____ failures.
Rapid smoking involves intensely smoking a _____ substance.
P: Risk of harm.
E: Antabuse can have negative effects when mixed with alcohol, such as seizures and heart failure.
Rapid smoking involves intensely smoking a harmful substance.
E: Antabuse can have negative effects when mixed with alcohol, such as seizures and heart failure.
Rapid smoking involves intensely smoking a harmful substance.
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E: Treatment is very unethical compared to ___
E: Treatment is very unethical compared to CBT.
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P: A strength is that harm can be justified, unpleasant effects are necessary to create _____.
E: Long-term benefits to ______, _____ and relationships outweigh the short-term risk of harm.
E: Long-term benefits to ______, _____ and relationships outweigh the short-term risk of harm.
P: A strength is that harm can be justified, unpleasant effects are necessary to create aversion.
E: Long-term benefits to health, finance and relationships outweigh the short-term risk of harm.
E: Long-term benefits to health, finance and relationships outweigh the short-term risk of harm.
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E: Those who are using AT will have given _____ ______ based on the information provided by a doctor.
E: Those who are using AT will have given valid consent based on the information provided by a doctor.
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P: A weakness is there may be more ethical ways to conduct AT, such as ____ _________ which involves the person imagining feeling sick and being sick when they feel the urge to drink.
P: A weakness is that there may be more ethical ways to conduct AT, such as covert sensitisation which involves the person imagining feeling sick and being sick when they feel the urge to drink.
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E: ____ (2005) presented case studies shows this method can be quick and effective, though not ______ used.
E: More ethical than ______ which causes unpleasant reactions.
E: More ethical than ______ which causes unpleasant reactions.
E: Kraft (2005) presented case studies that show this method can be quick an effective, though not commonly used.
E: More ethical than Antabuse which causes unpleasant reactions.
E: More ethical than Antabuse which causes unpleasant reactions.
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Social factors of AT:
P: A weakness is some serious financial implications.
E: _____ (2008) found dramatic increase in spending on Antabuse to treat alcoholism. NHS increased from £_.__ million in 1998 to £_.__ million in 2008.
P: A weakness is some serious financial implications.
E: _____ (2008) found dramatic increase in spending on Antabuse to treat alcoholism. NHS increased from £_.__ million in 1998 to £_.__ million in 2008.
P: A weakness is some serious financial implications.
E: Devlin (2008) found dramatic increase in spending on Antabuse to treat alcoholism. NHS increased from £1.08 million in 1998 to £2.25 million in 2008.
E: Devlin (2008) found dramatic increase in spending on Antabuse to treat alcoholism. NHS increased from £1.08 million in 1998 to £2.25 million in 2008.
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E: Damaging for society as the money can be spent on other public services such as _______. Increase in spending suggests society is not doing enough to prevent alcohol addictions such as the use of social norms _______.
E: Damaging for society as the money can be spent on other public services such as education. Increase in spending suggests society is not doing enough to prevent alcohol addictions such as the use of social norms marketing.
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P: A strength is that the charity _____ ______ argue this is only a small amount of money in comparison to money spent on NHS treatment for problems that result from alcoholism.
P: A strength is that the charity Alcohol Concern argue this is only a small amount of money in comparison to money spent on NHS treatment for problems that result from alcoholism.
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E: Liver disease from alcohol cost the NHS £_._ billion a year.
E: While spending on Antabuse is increasing, this is an effective use of public money as it treats and prevents further _____ for NHS in the long-term.
E: While spending on Antabuse is increasing, this is an effective use of public money as it treats and prevents further _____ for NHS in the long-term.
E: Liver diseases from alcohol cost the NHS £3.5 billion a year.
E: While spending on Antabuse is increasing, this is an effective use of public money as it treats and prevents further costs for NHS in long-term.
E: While spending on Antabuse is increasing, this is an effective use of public money as it treats and prevents further costs for NHS in long-term.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Who created the 6 characteristics of AB?
Name all 6 and how to remember them
Name all 6 and how to remember them
Back
Mark Griffiths
1. Mood modification (mondays)
2. Salience (start)
3. Relapse (really)
4. Tolerance (terribly)
5. Withdrawal (without)
6. Conflict (coffee)
1. Mood modification (mondays)
2. Salience (start)
3. Relapse (really)
4. Tolerance (terribly)
5. Withdrawal (without)
6. Conflict (coffee)
Card 3
Front
Mood modification:
When engaging in AB, they experience a change in their ____. This could be a high or a buzz.
Eg. smoker gets a ____ after his first cigarette of the day, but feels _____ in the evening
When engaging in AB, they experience a change in their ____. This could be a high or a buzz.
Eg. smoker gets a ____ after his first cigarette of the day, but feels _____ in the evening
Back

Card 4
Front
Salience:
AB becomes the most _______ thing in a person's life. It dominates their thoughts and feelings.
Eg. when a gambler isn't gambling, they spend their time thinking about their next ___
AB becomes the most _______ thing in a person's life. It dominates their thoughts and feelings.
Eg. when a gambler isn't gambling, they spend their time thinking about their next ___
Back

Card 5
Front
Relapse:
Stopping engaging in AB but _____ after a time period.
Eg. not drinking alcohol for 3 months but returning to the binge after a ______ event occurs.
Stopping engaging in AB but _____ after a time period.
Eg. not drinking alcohol for 3 months but returning to the binge after a ______ event occurs.
Back

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