Ancient rome- The Christian Empire- Military and politics
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- Created on: 28-04-17 16:56
When was Diocletian made Emperor?
Nov 284AD
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When was Maximian made co-emperor?
286AD
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Give an example in 286 of how they could split the power well?
When the Governor of Britain decided to rebel, it was Maximan who went out there to deal with the problem and Diocletian dealt with problems in the East
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After thiswhy does Rome stop being important?
As it is far from borders and far from whre the Emperors were needed
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Although Emperors lose interest in Rome what does it remain?
It remains as the capital and cultural centre of the Empire
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Do they move out of their spheres of influence?
No Diocletian stays in the West andMaximian in the West
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While Augustus means Head Emperor, what means Junior Emperor?
Caesar
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Who were recruited as the two junior Emperors?
Galerius and Constantius
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What happened in 303-311?
The great (Diocletian) Persectuon of Christians
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Who was this primarily enforced by?
Diocletain and Galerius
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When did the first tetrarchy last until and why?
305- Diocletian and Maximian abdicate
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Who was in the second Tetrarchy as head Emperors?
Galerius, Constantius I,
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Who do they appoint as their junior Emperors?
Maximinius Daia and Severus
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How long did this tetrachy last?
305-306
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What problems did they encounter from Usuroers?
Constantine declared Emperor in 306, Maxentius and Maximian also in 306 in ROme, Domitius Alexander in Africa in 307
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Who rules in the East with which junior?
Galerius in East with Maximinius Daia
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Who rules in the west with which junior?
Constantinius in the West with Severus
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Who is ignored in the promotions to Junior emperor?
Maximian's son
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Why doesn't the tetrarchy last long?
He leaves the East to get to his father's death bed in the West but he dies in York
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Who the army declare as Constantius' heir?
Constantine- They want his son to rule
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Does Galerius agree?
No he refuses and makes Severus senior Emperor and Constantine as Junior
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Therefore who is in the third tetrarchy?
Galerius, Severus, Maximinius, COnstantine
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Who is the head Emperor in the west with who as their junior?
Severus with Constantine
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Who is head Emperor in the East with who as their junior?
Galerius with Maximinius
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However, who causes a rebellion in Rome and why in 306-07?
Maximian, -Comes out of retirement to give his son Maxentius the title of Emperor in Rome
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In 307, who does COnstantine marry?
maximian's daughter
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Wh o declares himself as Emperor once more?
maximian
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What does Maximian offer Constantine the role of when Severus dies in 307?
He offers Constantine the title of Head Emperor in the west
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How does Severus die?
Defeat by Maxentius who declared himself Emperor while he was trying to sort this out
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Where does Maxentius hold after this vicotry?
Italy- Thye forced Severus' army from Italy
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What does Maximian do?
he decides to take power from his son
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Was he successful?
no this attempt failed and Maxentius defeats his father
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Who is this particularly embarassing for?
Constantine whose father in law keeps trying to take control and fails
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In November 308 who comes back to sort everything out and how?
Dioceltian with the Consilium of Vienna
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Who does Diocletian declare Augusti?
Galerius in the East and Licinius in the West
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Who does he declare as Caesares?
Constantine in the West and Maximinius Daia in East
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How long is the fourth tetrarchy last?
308-310
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How is Licinius viewed?
He is Galeriu's friend so people are annoyed by this as he had't been part of the tetrachy before which annoyed people
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However, what usupers are still a problm?
maxentius in Rome and Domitius alexander in Africa
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How do they think things will sort themselves out in 309?
Maxentius invades Africa and wins and Alexander is captured and strngled to death,
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However, what actually happens?
Maxentius now owns Africa and is more powerful and a greater problem
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When does Maximian rebel against Constantine and waht happens?
310, -He is killed
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How are the titles changed?
Both Constantine and maximinius Daia are given the title Augustus too
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What Edict does Galerius introduc which says what?
Edict of Tolerance- he has failed to eradicte Christianity and accepts innocent people are being killed so stops the persecutions
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In 311 who dies?
Galerius
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Who forms a diarchy?
Constantine and Licinius form a diarchy ruling West and East and Maxentius and maximinius Daia do the same
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What Battle occurs in 312 between who?
312 battle of Mulvian Briidge in North Rome between Constantine and Maxentius
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Why are they fighting and who wins?
They are fighting for rule of Rome and COnstantine wins and Maxentius defeate
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In 313, what Edict of Tolerance if given by who?
Constantine
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Who legitimises Christian worship for the first time?
Licinius
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How did Constantine and Licinius seal their alliance?
They meet in Milan- Licinius marries Constantine's sister to seal the alliance
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However, what does maximinius continue to do which they take as an excuse to attack?
He decides to continue to persecute Christians
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What is the outcome in 313?
Licinius defeat Maximinius Daia who kills himself,
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Who does this leave as rulers?
Constantine as the sole ruler of the West and Licinus as the sole ruler of the East
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In 315, what does Licinius disappear from?
Constantine's coinage
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What does Lic do in return?
He appoints Valerius Valens as his new imperial colleague, effecticaly to try and replace Constantine
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Wat does this show abut their mindsets?
Con wants to control the whole EMpire whereas Lic still wants a diarchy wiith 2 rulers
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The first battle occurs between the two. Who wins and what does the otherdo as punishment?
Constantine wins and takes land from Lic and Lic's colleague Valens is executed in return for Lic keeping his position
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Who are held Caesars in 317?
Constatine's sons Crispus and Constantine II and Licinius' son Licinius II
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In 321, what does Constantine ignore Lic about?
Consulship
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What does Lic begin doing again to Christians?
persecution- They are removed from the central administration although less vicious than before
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What does Lic doe in 323 based on an imperial colleague?
He adopts another imperial collegaue named Marcus Martinianus
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After a tense few years what do they decide?
They can't live and rule like this
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When does the battle end and who wins?
324, -Con defeats Lic in battle twice and captures him and he surrenders
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what does COn do to him?
On the please of Con's sister, who is married to Lic, he was allowed to go into exile
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However, in 325 what happens to him and what other?
Lic I and his son II die mysteriously in exile- Executed by assassins
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What role does COnstantine take on?
Sole ruler
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Where was Byzantium and what condition was it in?
It was out in the East which was an old estate and not really used as a capital but rather a run-down town
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What is estbalished there?
Nova Roman and then later becomes COnstantinople
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What does he make Constantinople?
The Capital- the Empire moves capital
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When does he die?
7 years later in 337
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Who does he decide will rule next?
His three sons Constantine II, Constans and Constantius II
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How did he divide his land between them?
Constantine II-Britain, Spain Gaul, -Constans- Italy, Africa, -Constantius II- Greece, East
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Who was in charge of Constans land and why?
Constantine II, the eldest, who was in charge of his lands and Constans ashe was only 15
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However what does COnstantine decide he wants?
He decides he wantedto rule the whol of the West without Constans being in charge
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What does he do and the result?
He marches to Italy and meets COnstans in battle but Constantine II was killed
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What does constans do with the land?
He takes over the whole of the Wesrt instead
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How long did Constans rule in the West before he was assassinate when?
For 10 more years, -350- Soldiers rebel against him and mirder him
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How was he seen as a ruler?
He was seen as unpleasant, aggressive, cruel person
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Who was the usurper who took the Western Empire?
Magnentius
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What does Constantius do as a result and why?
He wants revenge for his brother so he eventually defeats and kills magnetius
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What does Constantius realise?
he couldnt rule both the East and West
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However, what is the problem for finding another co-emperor?
Constantine's son had their uncles and cousins murdered
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However, who survived the cull?
2 Cousins- Gallus and Julian
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Where were they educated by who?
Buthynia by Eusebius of Nicomedia
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Who is made Caesar, co-ruler and temporary ruler in the East while he dealt with Magnetius?
351
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However, what happened to Gallus and when?
He was executed by Constantus in 354
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What is a reason for why he was executed?
Maybe because he was too well liked ando so felt threatened, or he was crazy murdering people for no reason and felt embarrassed
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Who was made Caesar instead?
Julan
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What battle did Julian have to wage against the Germans an when?
357 Battle of Stratsbourg
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What was the outcome?
He was successful
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What is one argument about constantus' expectations of the battle?
There is a suggestion he expected Julian to die against the Germans as he wouldn't kow how to fight
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Did Julian know how to fight?
No physically but he studied well and could lead his army well
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What was Julian declared in 360 by who?
He was declared Emperor by his army
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What did his army want
They wanted to stay in the West wherethey believed they were needed
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How did Julian try and gain this?
He sent a letter to Constantius asking to be recognised as Emperor in the West
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Does Constatnius accept?
Ni- in 361 he dies marching against Julian in Turkey
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Who was named as his heir?
Julain as he had no other children surviving
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Where does he march into as Emperor and what does he want to investigate?
He marches into COnstantinople and wanted to investigate Constantius' friends and advisers for corruption
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Why ws he known as Julian the Apostate?
First Emperor sicne COnstantine to declare himself a Pagan not a Christian
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When did he die?
363AD in a battle against the Persians
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Who was Julian succeeded by and when did he rule?
Jovian
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What were the Romans doing with the persians?
They were retreating from the Persian frontier
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When did he die?
A year later in Feb 364
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What did the Empire face returning to?
It stood again with the situation of slipping into Civil war and soldier empires began again
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Who became Emperor next?
Valentinian
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Who did he make co-Emperor and why?
His Brother Valens -He realsied he couldnt rule it all on his own
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How long did they rule
364-375/378
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What coins did they have circulated?
Valentinian on one side and both of them on the other holding a globe. showing their connection and unity and dominance
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What problems are they experiencing in Gaul?
Coats of Gaul harassed by Saxon pirates
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What is happening in Britain
Scotland and Norther Britain regaining land and Hadrians wall destroyed
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What do the Romans do in 370s to try and control this?
They tried to rebuild the wall in the 370s
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What was another problem in the 370s from the Germanic tribes?
German tribes come into Croatia and Servia in the Balkans
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What does Valentinian do?
He has to fend them off
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In 375 Valentinian was still fighting various German tribes. what does he recieve from the Tribe that makes him die?
He recieves an embasy from the tribe that is sos rude that he shouts so loudly that he bursts a blood vessel and dies of a stroke
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Who was his brother fighting at the time?
The Persians
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What did he decide he would do?
They would take them both on at the same time
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Did this work?
No it was a total disaster and little spport
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Describe what happened to the army who first meets the Goths in Northern Greece in 378?
Goths kept ending out peace notes to try and waste the Romans' time so they would succumb to the heat, and their resources would be further diminished by attacking at the wrong times. They decide to attack at the hottest time
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What si the result and what happens to Valens?
-The army is overtun, -Valen is injured by an arrow- Never given a proper burial
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How much of the Roman army were killed?
2/3rds- A gisgrace
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Did he have heirs
Two young sons Gratian-19 and Valentinian-7
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what did Gratian realise like all other Emperors did about ruling?
He realised he couldnt rule alone and both were too young
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Who did he hire to manage the East and sort out what problem?
Theodosisus and sort out the Goth problem
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How did Theodosius deal with the Goths?
:aid the Goths to go away with land so became peaceful
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When id Gratian killed and by who?
383 by Maximus- Came from the same town as Theodosius and knew and grew up with him so suspicious
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What does Maximus do?
He takes over the West
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However, why is he killed?
He becomes a threat when he moves into Italy and is defeated in battle
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What tole does Theodosius now have?
Sole ruler
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When he died, who did he leave the Roman Empire to?
It was left to his sons Arcadius and Honorius
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How old were they
Honorious 11 and Arcadius 17
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Who controlled which area
Honorious-West, Arcadius East
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How did they rule at the beginning?
They relied heavily on their advisers,
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
When was Maximian made co-emperor?
Back
286AD
Card 3
Front
Give an example in 286 of how they could split the power well?
Back
Card 4
Front
After thiswhy does Rome stop being important?
Back
Card 5
Front
Although Emperors lose interest in Rome what does it remain?
Back
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