What is the difference between screening and diagnostic testing?
Screening determines the likelihood/risk of a condition whereas a DT will give a definite answer
1 of 28
What are the 2 haemopathies tested for in pregnancy? (8-10 weeks)
Sickle Cell and Thalassemia
2 of 28
What are the characteristics of sickle cell disease?
Hb isn't formed properly (thin in shape), this affects the capacity for oxygen to be carried around the body.
3 of 28
What are the characteristics of Thalassemia?
There isn't enough/no Hb, meaning the patient usually has to have blood transfusions
4 of 28
What examinations take place after the infant is born?
Newborn 72 hr examination. Day 5: Sickle cell and CF. 5 weeks: hearing test.
5 of 28
What are the 3 infectious diseases screened in pregnancy?
Syphilis, HIV and Hepatitis B
6 of 28
What are women under 25 also screened for?
Chlamydia
7 of 28
What is Syphilis?
A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. It causes sores and lesions on the genitals that can spread to other parts of the body. If the fetus contracts it, they are likely to die.
8 of 28
What is HIV?
A virus that can weaken the immune system. It can be transferred in birth, breastfeeding or through the placenta.
9 of 28
What were the transmission rates for HIV in birth and what are they now?
They used to be 1 in 4 (25%) but are now 1 in 2000 (0.5%)
10 of 28
What are the results of new anti-retroviral treatments?
Life expectancy is very normal now and viral loads are usually too low to transfer to the baby. However, baby's still receive immediate treatment after birth.
11 of 28
What is Hep B?
A sexually transmitted (or sometimes through needle sharing) virus that affects the liver. Antiviral treatment is now available for it.
12 of 28
What are the other blood tests taken in appointments? (28 weeks)
Anemia (should be 110g/L or more), full blood count (platelets, WBC, mean volume) and iron stores count.
13 of 28
What antigens do we test for?
Rhesus factor antigen (if blood mixes, antibodies will be made, if it mixes again, the antibodies may attach the fetus of the next child)
14 of 28
What are the affects of blood mixing?
If there has been a trauma to the abdomen, vaginal bleeding or amniocentisis, maternal antibodies may attack the fetus.
15 of 28
What treatment is there for Rhesus positive patients?
Anti-D treatment, mopping up blood cells on the vagina
16 of 28
At what week is the Non-Invasive Prenatal Test (NIPT) for Rhesus?
16 weeks, can be indirect (Rh antibodies detected in mum's blood) or direct (chord blood taken from baby after birth)
17 of 28
Why is it important that we find out the mother's blood type?
It may be needed if there is a hemorrhage and a transfusion is needed
18 of 28
What are the 3 genetic conditions screened for in pregnancy?
Trisomy 21 (Down's), 18 (Edward's) and 13 (Patau's)
19 of 28
What are the key symptoms of DS?
Physical features, cognitive impairment, learning disability, hearing/vision impairment, lower metabolic rate, lower life expectancy (60), lower immune system repsonse
20 of 28
What are the key symptoms of ES? (3/10,000 births)
Major brain abnormalities, heart/growth problems, unusual head/facial features. Most baby's die before birth or very shortly after.
21 of 28
What are the key symptoms of PS?
Brain and heart issues, renal and kidney issues, cleft lip/palate. Most baby's die before, during or after birth
22 of 28
When should the combined screening test take place?
11 weeks (+ 2 days) and 14 weeks (+ 1 day).
23 of 28
What constitutes for a high or low chance?
High: greater than 1/150. Low: lower than 1/150
24 of 28
What happens keep tests are needed for screening?
Gestational age needs to be known (crown-rump length), Nuchal translucancy measured (pad of fat at back of neck...thicker=trisomy), blood samples for free beta HCG and PAPP-A (lower = SGA)
25 of 28
What are the 2 diagnostic tests?
Amniocentesis (after 15 weeks due to amniotic fluid) and chorionic villus sampling (11-14 weeks, placental tissue taken)
26 of 28
What are the risk of miscarriages for the diagnostic tests?
0.5/1% chance
27 of 28
If the woman has missed the screening deadline, what can they have?
A non-invasive prenatal test (NIPT), placental DNA tested...not available on NHS
28 of 28
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What are the 2 haemopathies tested for in pregnancy? (8-10 weeks)
Back
Sickle Cell and Thalassemia
Card 3
Front
What are the characteristics of sickle cell disease?
Back
Card 4
Front
What are the characteristics of Thalassemia?
Back
Card 5
Front
What examinations take place after the infant is born?
Comments
No comments have yet been made