Antibodies and Monoclonal antibodies

Describe the structure of the antibodies

Antibodies have two heavy chains and two light chains. The constant region attaches to the B cell and the variable region attaches to the antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex

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How are antibodies specific to specific antigens

The variable region in each antibody is different as they have different amino acid bases whihc allow for different, specific 3D structures to form specialised for the specific antigen

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How do antibodies attack pathogens

antibodies cause agglutination-bacterial cells clump up making it easier for phaogcytes to detect pathogens as they are in one area rather than spread out. The antibodies also serve as marker cells allowing for phagocytes to engulf the pathogen.

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How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat disease in administering drugs when attaching to the specific cell type

The monoclonal antibodies attach to the specific antigen on the cell surface of the cancerous cell, blocking chemical signals that cause cell division. Indirect monoclonal antibodies contain a cytotoxic drug so when the antibody attaches cells killed

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How are monoclonal antibodies used to detect disease

Men suffering with prostate cancer produce high levels of PSA which monoclonal antibodies interact with PSA and help detect if there are abnormally high levels of PSA

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How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

hCG is produced in pregnant women present in the urine. Monoclonal antibodies detect hCG and form a hCG-antibody-colour complex which moves across the line until stopped by another antibody forming a coloured line, indication of pregnancy

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How are monoclonal antibodies produced (1)

Mouse is subjected to a non-self material which causes the production of antibodies, meanwhile tumor cells are being cultured seperately. The antibodies are removed from the spleen of the mouse and are fused with the tumour cells by adding detergent.

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How are monoclonal antibodies produced (2)

Detergent breaks down the cell membrane allowing for the tumor cells and antibodies to fuse to form hybridoma cells. Each cell is separated to form a separate clone and is tested for the required antibody.

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How are monoclonal antibodies produced (3)

If it is producing the required antibody, the clone is removed from the growth medium and are humanised to prevent rejection from the body as the monoclonal antibodies would be seen as non-self.

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Antibodies and Monoclonal antibodies

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