Applied Life Science
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- Created by: dearbhlacoleman
- Created on: 18-10-23 11:39
What is a microorganism?
Any organism too small to be seen by the naked eye
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What is a pathogen?
Microorganisms that cause disease
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What is infection?
The presence of microorganisms causing damage to body tissues
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Symbiosis
Benefits humans and not harm the microorganisms
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Mutualism
Benefit’s human and microorganism
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Commensalism
Benefits microorganism and not harm the human
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Pathogenicity
Benefits microorganism and harms the human
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Opportunism
A benign microorganism becomes pathogenic because of decreased human host resistance
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Process of infection
Four stages:
1. Colonization
2. Invasion
3. Multiplication
4. Spread
1. Colonization
2. Invasion
3. Multiplication
4. Spread
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Invasion
Infectious agent can invade surrounding tissues
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Multiplication
Rapid multiplication - replicate within infected cells, replicate in macrophages and other cells
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Spread
Produce localised infections without spread to other regions of the body
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Clinical Infectious Disease Process
Four stages:
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal stage
3. Invasion period
4. Convalescence
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal stage
3. Invasion period
4. Convalescence
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What is incubation period?
The interval between exposure to an infectious agent and the appearance of the first symptoms
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What is the prodromal stage?
The appearance of initial symptoms which are often mild including feeling of discomfort and tiredness
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What is invasion period?
The pathogen is multiplying rapidly, invading further, affecting tissues at site of initial colonization and other areas
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What is convalescence period?
Individuals immune and inflammatory systems have in general successfully removed infectious agent
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Fever (Pyrexia)
Rise in body temperature above the normal i.e oral temperature (37.2)
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Pyrogens
A circulating protein, agent that produce a fever. Can reset the thermostat in the hypothalamus and cause rise in body temperature
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Exogenous pyrogens
Derived from outside the host
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Endogenous pyrogens
Produced by individual
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Classes of infectious microorganisms
1. Bacterial infection
2. Viral infection
3. Fungal infection
4. Parasitic and protozoal infection
2. Viral infection
3. Fungal infection
4. Parasitic and protozoal infection
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Bacteria
Prokaryotic (no enclosed nucleus), no mitochondria or membrane bound organelles
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Exotoxins
Proteins released during bacterial growth
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Endotoxins
Released during lysis (destruction) of the bacteria
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Coating with self protein
Combine with portions of the hosts antibodies and form protective coat
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Antigenic variation
Host develops protective levels of antibodies, bacteria responds by changing antigens and becoming resistant
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Bacteremia
Bacteria being transported in the blood due to failure of body’s defence mechanisms to infect other organs or multiplying in the blood
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Virus
Minute particles that is capable of replication but only within living cells
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Viral life cycle
1. Attachment to target cell
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating (release of viral nucleic acid)
4. Replication
5. Assembly (formation new virons)
6. Release
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating (release of viral nucleic acid)
4. Replication
5. Assembly (formation new virons)
6. Release
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Primary defence mechanisms against viruses
Antibodies that prevent viral entrance into a cell; cellular immunity that recognises antigenic changes on surfaces of infected cells
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Rapid division
Produce large numbers of virons more quickly that immune system can develop
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Intracellular survival
Viruses hide within cells and away from normal inflammatory or immune responses
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Fungus
Simple organism that lacks the green pigment chlorophyll
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Mycosis
Infection with a fungus
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Dermatophytes
Fungi that invade the skin, hair or nails
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Intracellular survival
Pathological fungi generally dimorphic and readily adapt to host environment ( temp changes, O2 levels)
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Protection against phagocytosis
Encapsulated yeast cells more resistant - block recognition by macrophages and inhibit migration of leukocytes
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Immune suppression
Stimulate the production of immunosuppressive cytokines reducing some aspects of hosts immune response
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Parasite
Any living thing that lives in or on another living organism
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Protozoa
Single celled parasitic organisms
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Infection control measures
Control of insect populations
Modern sanitation facilities
Clean water and uncontaminated food supplies
Modern sanitation facilities
Clean water and uncontaminated food supplies
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Infection control practices
Hand hygiene
PPE
Needle stick/sharps prevention
Disinfection
Social distancing
PPE
Needle stick/sharps prevention
Disinfection
Social distancing
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is a pathogen?
Back
Microorganisms that cause disease
Card 3
Front
What is infection?
Back
Card 4
Front
Symbiosis
Back
Card 5
Front
Mutualism
Back
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