AQA Geography- Globalization and global systems

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What is Globalisation?
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. We now communicate, trade, travel and share each other’s cultures more easily around the world.
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Examples of Globalization
The US imports fruit from Chile. The US company NIKE manufactures shoes in Indonesia.
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Historic Example of Globalization
The Silk Road is a great example of early globalisation, which spanned from Europe all the way to East Asia, moving silk and other products from as early as the 2nd century BC.
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How is globalization's process changing?
the pace of this process is accelerating.
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Economic globalisation
the growth and spread of Trans National Corporations, the rise of NICs, the rise of global economic institutions like the IMF and World Bank
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Cultural globalisation
Initially this was the impact of western culture, art, media, sport, and leisure pursuits on the rest of the world. This is now a multidirectional process, as cultural aspects move all over the globe through the Internet and migration.
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Examples of cultural globalisation
Hollywood is now rivalled by Bollywood and Nollywood
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Political globalisation
Institutions like the United Nations, regional trading blocs and particularly the influence of western democracies and their influence on poor countries have resulted in political globalisation.
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Social globalisation
human interactions within cultural communities, encompassing topics, like family, religion, work and education.
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largest regional flow of labour in the world?
Asia. Between 2005 and 2010 around 5 million workers moved from south Asia to west Asia.
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what is the global language and how has it helped globalization?
The emergence of English as the accepted global language of business has also eroded barriers
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facts about shipping containers
There are 17 million shipping containers in the world. At any one time, between 5 and 6 million are in transit on ships, trucks and trains.
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Colonialism
The policy or practice of a power in extending control over weaker nations or people
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North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Intergovernmental treaty alliance whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack
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Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
An organisation that follows a common approach to the sake of oil
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Trade Bloc
A set of countries trade freely with each other with few, if any, barriers such as tariffs.
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Transnational Companies (TNCs)
Corporations or companies that operate in at least to countries
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World Trade Organisation (WTO)
A global organisation that deals with the rules of trade between nations.
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International Monetary Fund
Organization of 188 countries who work to promote financial cooperation between countries to reduce poverty. This is usually through the promotion of trade and employment
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United Nations
‘The guardian of international peace, security and human rights’. It promotes the development of poorer nations through work with the IMF and World Bank
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World Trade Organisation
This deals with the global rules of trade between nations. Currently has over 160 members over 75% are developing or emerging nations
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World Bank
An organisation with 185 member countries which is an important source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries. Its main aim is to reduce poverty
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TNC
A global company which operates in more than one country. The HQ is usually based in a HIC with factories in developing and emerging countries where labour is cheaper
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International financial institutions provide...
They provide loans, grants, and technical assistance to governments, as well as loans to private businesses investing in developing countries.
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what do World trade organisations (WTO) oversee?
oversees international trade and access to markets.
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WTO aims
Aims to cut trade barriers (subsidies, tariffs and quotas) to promote free trade
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WTO's other main role
They also help settle any trading disputes between countries.
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Why has the WTO been criticized?
It has been criticised for acting in the interests of MEDCs especially the USA.
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What does the IMF oversee?
Oversees the global financial system
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IMF historic importance
Stabilised currencies after WW2
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IMF aims
Created by 44 rich countries to help those in debt Intended to prevent poverty and so limit the spread of communism
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When does the IMF offer loans?
Only provides loans if it will prevent a global economic crisis-the international ‘lender of last resort’.Provides loans to help members tackle balance of payments problems and stabilise their economies.
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Where does the IMF Draw its financial resources from?
Draws its financial resources from the quota subscriptions of member countries
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What does the world bank promote?
Promotes economic development in developing countries
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World bank loans
Provides long-term investment loans for development projects with the aim of reducing poverty.provides special interest-free loans to countries with very low per capita incomes (less than US$865 per year)
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Where does the world bank Draw its financial resources from?
Acquires financial resources by borrowing on the international bond market
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What does the world bank encourage?
Encourages start-up private enterprises in developing countries
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Positive effects of labour movement
Reduced unemployment where there is a lack of work- opportunities to seek work elsewhere. Reduces geographical inequality between workers. Addresses important skill and labour shortages
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Negative effects of labour movement
Countries find it difficult to retain their best talent as they are attracted away by higher wages. Outsourcing of production from high-wage to low-wage economies causes unemployment in more developed countries.
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Trade Blocs
A trade bloc is a group of countries within a geographical region that protect themselves from imports from non-members. Trading blocs increasingly shape the pattern of world trade. E.g. the EU
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Outsourcing
Outsourcing is a cost saving strategy used by TNCs who arrange for goods and services to be produced or provided by other companies. Outsourcing can have consequences for the original country and the host country.
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Outsourcing Advantages
jobs and investment in one country (host)
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Outsourcing Disadvantages
country of origin this includes loss of jobs deindustrialisation of the economy, structural unemployment and government have to spend a lot to retrain workers
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what is the direction of movement by outsourcing?
largely ONE directional, taking manufacturing/services from HICs and having them undertaken by sub-contracting organisations in a lower income country.
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Why is development unequal?
Unequal power relations enable some countries to drive global systems to their own advantage and to directly influence geopolitical events.
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geographical 
Geopolitical means the combination of geographical and  political factors affecting a country or area
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what are the Two measures of inequality?
1. Two measures of inequality to consider are difference in income between countries 2. difference in income within countries.
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How Can We Measure Inequalities between countries?
Spearman’s Rank
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How Can We Measure Inequalities Within and between countries?
Lorenz curve and Gini coefficency
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what does the lorenz curve show?
The Lorenz curve is used to demonstrate the degree of unevenness from a completely even distribution. In this case we are going to use it to compare income inequality between countries and within countries.
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How do you read the lorenz curve?
The further away from the line the curve is, the more unequal the distribution.
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What is the Gini coefficient?
The Gini coefficient (sometimes expressed as a Gini ratio or a normalized Gini index) is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income distribution of a nation's residents, and is the most commonly used measure of inequality.
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What is the opposites of the Gini coefficient?
A score of 1 (100%) – a country’s entire income goes to ONE person. A score of 0 (0%) – the income is equally divided among the population (everyone earns the same).
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how does the Gini show income disparity?
A high Gini shows that wealth is concentrated among a few A low Gini shows more equitable distribution
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Describe the distribution of income across the globe.
Some of the world's poorest countries (Central African Republic) have some of the world's highest Gini coefficients (61.3), while some of the wealthiest (Denmark) have some of the lowest (28.8).
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Examples of Globalization

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The US imports fruit from Chile. The US company NIKE manufactures shoes in Indonesia.

Card 3

Front

Historic Example of Globalization

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How is globalization's process changing?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Economic globalisation

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Preview of the front of card 5
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