attachment flashcards
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- Created by: ManuSB
- Created on: 15-02-24 16:42
what is attachment
a two way interactional bond between a mother and an infant that develops over time
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how can you identify an attachment
- proximity(staying physically close to pcg)
- separations anxiety (bring upset when an pcg leaves)
-secure-base behaviour(when an infant leaves the pcg but regular does audio and visual check to ensure pcg is still there)
- separations anxiety (bring upset when an pcg leaves)
-secure-base behaviour(when an infant leaves the pcg but regular does audio and visual check to ensure pcg is still there)
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what is interactional synchrony
when a caregiver and infant reflect the same emotion and actions in a coordinated way at the same time
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the beginning of interactional synchrony
Meltzoff and Moore(1977) observed the beginning of IS in infants as Younge as two weeks old. an adult male displayed one of three expressions or gestures. the infants response was then filmed and reviewed
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what was the conclusions of Meltzoff and Moore
they found that there was infant an association between the infants behaviour and that of the adult model
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who discovered the importance of IS
Isabelle et al (1989) observed 30 mothers and infants together and assessed the level of synchrony
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what did Isabelle et al find
they found higher levels of synchrony associated with better quality mother-infant attachment
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what does Isabelle's findings suggest about IS
interactional synchrony can get stronger if there is a higher level of attachment
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define reciprocity
when one person causes another to respond
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what are alert phases
- infants have period alert phases where they signal (eye contact) that they're ready to interact
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what did Brazelton say
Brazelton(1975) described mother infant interactions as a dance as each person causes another to respond.
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who is most likely to have a primary attachment with the infant
Schaffer and Emerson (1964)found that the majority of of infants became attached to there mothers first at around 7 months
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what percentage of cases was the dad also an attachment figure in Shaffer and Emersons observation
- in only 3% of cases the father was a primary caregiver
- in 27% of cases the the father was the joint primary attachment along side the mother
- in 27% of cases the the father was the joint primary attachment along side the mother
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when did the father usually form an attachment with the infant
in 75% of infant studies an attachment was formed with the father at around 18 months
this was determining as the infants start to show signs of separation anxiety to the father
this was determining as the infants start to show signs of separation anxiety to the father
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why is the father also important for an infant development
Grossman et al(2002) conducted a longitudinal experiment looking into parents behaviours and the effect this had on the quality of attachment.
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what did Grossman et al find
- quality of attachment with mother predicted quality of attachment in adolescent
-quality of father play and stimulation did predict adolescent attachment
-quality of father play and stimulation did predict adolescent attachment
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can fathers be primary caregivers
Feild (1978) filmed infant duing there face to face interactions with their primary caregivers .
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what did feild find
- primary mothers had high interactional synchrony with their infant - same with primary father
- however secondary fathers had low IS
- however secondary fathers had low IS
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what does this suggest about primary attachments
fathers can also be primary attachments - its not the gender but the level of sensitive responsiveness that determines the level of attachment formed.
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what was the procedure of Schaffer and Emersons stages of attachment observation
60 babies form Glasgow where (most from working class families) where observed with there mother in there own home every month for one year and again at 18 months
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how as separation anxiety and stranger anxiety measured
- separation anxiety measured by asking the mother about their children behaviour during everyday separation
- stranger anxiety was measured by asking the mother questions about their children's anxiety response to unfamiliar adults
- stranger anxiety was measured by asking the mother questions about their children's anxiety response to unfamiliar adults
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findings and conclusions
- main attachment for 65% of children at 18 months was their mother ( only 3% of children were attached to their fathers)
- by 18 months 31% of infants had formed multiple attachments
- the results of the study indicates that attachments form with people
- by 18 months 31% of infants had formed multiple attachments
- the results of the study indicates that attachments form with people
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stages of attachment :
1) a few weeks - asocial stages
1) a few weeks - asocial stages
- infants show familiar responses to all inanimate or animate objects.
- towards the end of this stage the child shows preferences towards people
- time reciprocity and time synchrony helps establish the child's relationships
- towards the end of this stage the child shows preferences towards people
- time reciprocity and time synchrony helps establish the child's relationships
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2) indiscriminate attachment - 2-7 months
- the child shows a marked preference for people rather than inanimate objects
- they recognise and preferer similar adults
- they accept comfort from any adult
- they don't show stranger or separation anxiety
- they recognise and preferer similar adults
- they accept comfort from any adult
- they don't show stranger or separation anxiety
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3) specific attachment
from around 7 months
from around 7 months
- infants start to show distress during time of stranger and separation anxiety
- child has formed specific attachments
- the child has formed a specific attachment also known as a primary attachment figure
- child has formed specific attachments
- the child has formed a specific attachment also known as a primary attachment figure
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4) multiple attachments
9-12 months
9-12 months
- after around a months of having establishes a PA figure, the child displays separation anxiety towards other people whom they are familiar to.
- they are called secondary attachment
- they are called secondary attachment
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define imprinting
an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time ( immediately after hatching)
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define critical period
a biologically determined period of time during which imprinting takes place
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Lorenz research (1935) - imprinting
procedure
procedure
Lorenz randomly allocated a clutch of eggs into two groups:
- half was left to hatch with the mother (control group)
-other half were hatched in an incubator, the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz (experimental group)
- then mixed all the goslings to
- half was left to hatch with the mother (control group)
-other half were hatched in an incubator, the first moving thing they saw was Lorenz (experimental group)
- then mixed all the goslings to
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findings
incubator group followed Lorenz, control group followed mother
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conclusions of experiment
- Lorenz identified a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place ( a few hours)
- if imprinting did not occur within that time, chicks did not attach themselves to the mother figure
- if imprinting did not occur within that time, chicks did not attach themselves to the mother figure
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sexual imprinting
sexual imprinting also occurs whereby the birds acquire a template of the desirable characteristics required in a mate
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what does these results suggest about the cause of attachment
- this suggests that the desire to create attachments is natural as it happens straight away therefore its an instinct. However the environment provides the things you get attached to
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
how can you identify an attachment
Back
- proximity(staying physically close to pcg)
- separations anxiety (bring upset when an pcg leaves)
-secure-base behaviour(when an infant leaves the pcg but regular does audio and visual check to ensure pcg is still there)
- separations anxiety (bring upset when an pcg leaves)
-secure-base behaviour(when an infant leaves the pcg but regular does audio and visual check to ensure pcg is still there)
Card 3
Front
what is interactional synchrony
Back
Card 4
Front
the beginning of interactional synchrony
Back
Card 5
Front
what was the conclusions of Meltzoff and Moore
Back
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