Basis of infectious disease questions 1

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give definitions for protozoa, fungi, bacteria, viruses
Protozoa: single celled animals, fungi: higher plant like organism, bacteria: generally small, single celled. Viruses : very small obligate parasites
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What are some of the common bacteria that cause gram positive infection?
Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae
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Give two examples of staphyloccossus aureus
MRSA, MSSA
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What are some infections caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria?
Cellulitis, wound infections, blood stream infections- staphylococcus- streptococcus-otitis media, pneumonia, meniungitis
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5. What are the common bactria that cause gram -ve infections and give examples of these infections.
Escherichia coli- GI infections, UTIs. Haemophilus influenzae: otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia . Moraxella catarrhalis- copd EXACERBATION
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6. Where are the gram +ve infections caused?
Skin, bone , respiratory
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7. Where could anaerobes be found?
mouth, teeth, throat, sinuses and lower bowel
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8. What is the definition of commensal/symbiont?
An organism that is part of the normal flora. Often mutualistic relationship. Endogenous
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9. What is a pathogen?
A harmful organism that produces a pathology- virulence and virulence factors
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10. What is an opportunistic pathogen?
An organism that causes infection when opportunity/ change in natural immunity arises
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11. What is the virulence?
the capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host cell
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12. What is LD50 and ID50?
LD50- killing the individual. The number of pathogen required to kill 50% of the individual. ID 50- infectious dose. How many bacteria are required to cause disease in 50% of those exposed to the pathogen.
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13. What is exogenous and endogenous infection
13. Exogenous: infective material derived from outside patients body. Endogenous: bacteria/ fungi part of the. natural microbiome- commensal. Misplaced, transfer from non sterile to normally sterile site. Change in natural flora
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14. What is commensal?
14. Natural microbiome. Organism gains advantage but host does not gain from association
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15. What bacteria dominates the oral cavity?
15. Streptococci- Actinomyces, lactobacillus, streptococcus/ staphylococcus mutants, candida. Fusobacteria, S sanguinis, spirochaetes, veilnella , s salivarius, s oralis
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16. Give the sequence in pathogenesis
16. Adhere/ colonise and invade. Evade host defences Multiply/ complete its life cycle Exit the host
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17. What is commensal relationship
17. Organisms gains advantage but host does not gain from association
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18. What is mutualistic and parasitic?
18. Mutualistic: symbiotic relationship- when host and organism gain mutual value. Parasitic: live on or in living creatures causing harm/damage to the host
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19. What’s a virulence factor and give examples
19. Component of a pathogen that contributes to its ability to cause disease. Adhesion, invasion, impeding, aggressin, modulin
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20. What does impeding, modulin and aggressin do?
20. Impedin- enables organism to avoid host defense mechanisms. Aggressin- causes. Damage to the host directly Modulin- induces damage to the host indirectly (via immune system )
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22. What is epidemiology? And what do we have to consider for every organism
the study of the occurrence, spread and control of disease. Consider: infective dose, virulence of the organism and hosts status (resistance). Quantity (level), temporal aspect (time period), extent (population/ geographical area)
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23. Give the occurance of epidemic, pandemic, sporadic and endemic
Epidemic- level increases but Pandemic- two or more continents Sporadic-low levels randomly Endemic- low level, present all the time
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24. How can the cycle of Infection vary
25. the cycle of infection can vary depending on the reservoir, method of transmission and lifestyle of a pathogen
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What are some of the common bacteria that cause gram positive infection?

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Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae

Card 3

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Give two examples of staphyloccossus aureus

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Card 4

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What are some infections caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus bacteria?

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Card 5

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5. What are the common bactria that cause gram -ve infections and give examples of these infections.

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