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  • Created by: BeauK
  • Created on: 27-01-18 19:37
absolute zero
Absolute zero is 0K. It is the lowest possible temperature. Theoretically, at absolute zero, atoms stop moving.
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accuracy
Accuracy is a measure of how close a measured value is to its true value. For example, if an object is exactly a meter long and you measure it as 1.1 meters long, that is more accurate than if you measured it at 1.5 meters long.
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acid
There are several ways to define an acid, but they include any chemical that gives off protons or H+ in water. Acids have a pH less than 7. They turn the pH indicator phenolphthalein colorless and turn litmus paper red.
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acid anhydride
An acid anhydride is an oxide that forms an acid when it is reacted with water. For example, when SO3- is added to water, it becomes sulfuric acid, H2SO4.
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actual yield
The actual yield is the amount of product you actually obtain from a chemical reaction, as in the amount you can measure or weigh as opposed to a calculated value.
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addition reaction
An addition reaction is a chemical reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond.
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alcohol
An alcohol is any organic molecule that has an -OH group.
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aldehyde
An aldehyde is any organic molecule that has a -COH group.
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alkali metal
An alkali metal is a metal in Group I of the periodic table. Examples of alkali metals include lithium, sodium, and potassium.
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alkaline earth metal
An alkaline earth metal is an element belonging to Group II of the periodic table.Examples of alkaline earth metals are magnesium and calcium.
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alkane
An alkane is an organic molecule that only contains single carbon-carbon bonds.
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alkene
An alkene is an organic molecule that contains at least one C=C or carbon-carbon double bond.
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alkyne
An alkyne is an organic molecule that contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
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allotrope
Allotropes are different forms of a phase of an element. For example, diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
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alpha particle
An alpha particle is another name for a helium nucleus, which contains two protons and two neutrons. It's called an alpha particle in reference to radioactive (alpha) decay.
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amine
An amine is an organic molecule in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms in ammonia have been replaced by an organic group. An example of an amine is methylamine.
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base
A base is a compound that produces OH- ions or electrons in water or that accepts protons. An example of a common base is sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
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beta particle
A beta particle is an electron, although the term is used when the electron is emitted in radioactive decay.
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binary compound
A binary compound is one made up of two elements.
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binding energy
Binding energy is the energy that holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus.
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bond energy
Bond energy is the amount of energy required to break one mole of chemical bonds.
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bond length
Bond length is the average distance between the nuclei of two atoms that share a bond.
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buffer
A liquid that resists change in pH when an acid or base is added. A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base. An example of a buffer is acetic acid and sodium acetate.
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calorimetry
Calorimetry is the study of heat flow. Calorimetry may be used to find the heat of reaction of two compounds or the heat of combustion of a compound, for example.
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carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid is an organic molecule containing a -COOH group. An example of a carboxylic acid is acetic acid.
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catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy of a reaction or speeds it up without being consumed by the reaction.
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cathode
A cathode is the electrode which gains electrons or is reduced. In other words, it is where reduction occurs in an electrochemical cell.
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chemical equation
A chemical equation is a description of a chemical reaction, including what reacts, what is produced, and which direction(s) the reaction proceeds.
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chemical property
A chemical property is a property that can only be observed when a chemical change occurs. Flammability is an example of a chemical property, since you can't measure how flammable a substance is without igniting it (making/breaking chemical bonds).
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covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share two electrons.
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critical mass
Critical mass is the minimum quantity of radioactive material needed to cause a nuclear chain reaction.
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critical point
The critical point is the endpoint of the liquid-vapor line in a phase diagram, past which a supercritical liquid forms. At the critical point, the liquid and vapor phases become indistinguishable from one another.
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crystal
A crystal is an ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern of ions, atoms, or molecules. Most crystals are ionic solids, although other forms of crystals exist.
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delocalization
Delocalization is when electrons become free to move all over a molecule, such as when double bonds occur on adjacent atoms in a molecule.
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denature
There are two common meanings for this in chemistry. First, it can refer to any process used to make ethanol unfit for consumption (denatured alcohol).
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diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
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dilution
Dilution is when a solvent is added to a solution, making it less concentrated.
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dissociation
Dissociation is when a chemical reaction breaks a compound into two or more parts. For example, NaCl dissociates into Na+ and Cl- in water.
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effusion
Effusion is when a gas moves through an opening into a low-pressure container (e.g., is drawn by a vacuum). Effusion occurs more quickly than diffusion because additional molecules aren't in the way.
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electrolysis
Electrolysis is using electricity to break the bonds in a compound to break it apart.
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electrolyte
An electrolyte is an ionic compound that dissolves in water to produce ions, which can conduct electricity. Strong electrolytes completely dissociate in water, while weak electrolytes only partially dissociate or break apart in water.
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enantiomers
Enantiomers are molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of each other.
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endothermic
Endothermic describes a process that absorbs heat. Endothermic reactions feel cold.
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endpoint
The endpoint is when a titration is stopped, typically because an indicator has changed color. The endpoint need not be the same as the equivalence point of a titration.
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energy level
An energy level is a possible value of energy that an electron can have in an atom.
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enthalpy
Enthalpy is a measure of the amount of energy in a system.
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entropy
Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.
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enzyme
An enzyme is a protein that acts as a catalyst in a biochemical reaction.
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equilibrium
Equilibrium occurs in reversible reactions when the forward rate of the reaction is the same as the reverse rate of the reaction.
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equivalence point
The equivalence point is when the solution in a titration is completely neutralized. It is not the same as the endpoint of a titration because the indicator may not change colors precisely when the solution is neutral.
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ester
An ester is an organic molecule with a R-CO-OR' function group.
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excess reagent
Excess reagent is what you get when there is leftover reagent in a chemical reaction.
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excited state
An excited state is a higher energy state for an electron of an atom, ion, or molecule, compared with the energy of its ground state.
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exothermic
Exothermic describes a process that gives off heat.
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family
A family is a group of elements sharing similar properties. It is not necessarily the same thing as an element group. For example, the chalcogens or oxygen family consists of some different elements from the nonmetal group.
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Kelvin
Kelvin is a unit of temperature. A Kelvin is equal in size to a degree Celsius, although Kelvin starts from absolute zero. Add 273.15 to a Celsius temperature to get the Kelvin value. Kelvin is not reported with a ° symbol. For example, you would sim
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ketone
A ketone is a molecule that contains a R-CO-R' functional group. An example of a common ketone is acetone (dimethyl ketone).
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kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is energy of motion. The more an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has.
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lanthanide contraction
The lanthanide contraction refers to the trend in which lanthanide atoms become smaller as you move left to right across the periodic table, even though they increase in atomic number.
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lattice energy
Lattice energy is the amount of energy released when one mole of a crystal forms from its gaseous ions.
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law of conservation of energy
The law of conservation of energy states the energy of the universe may change form, but its amount remains unchanged.
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ligand
A ligand is a molecule or ion stuck to the central atom in a complex. Examples of common ligands include water, carbon monoxide, and ammonia.
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mass
Mass is the amount of matter in a substance. It is commonly reported in units of grams.
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mole
Avogadro's number (6.02 x 1023) of anything.
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node
A node is a location in an orbital with no probability of containing an electron
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nucleon
A nucleon is a particle in the nucleus of an atom (proton or neutron).
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oxidation number
The oxidation number is the apparent charge on an atom. For example, the oxidation number of an oxygen atom is -2.
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period
A period is a row (left to right) of the periodic table.
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precision
Precision is how repeatable a measurement is. More precise measurements are reported with more significant figures.
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pressure
Pressure is force per area.
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product
A product is something made as a result of a chemical reaction.
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quantum theory
Quantum theory is the description of energy levels and the predictions about the behavior of atoms at specific energy levels.
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radioactivity
Radioactivity occurs when the atomic nucleus is unstable and breaks apart, releasing energy or radiation.
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Raoult's Law
Raoult's Law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent.
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rate determining step
The rate determining step is the slowest step in any chemical reaction.
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rate law
A rate law is a mathematical expression relating the speed of a chemical reaction as a function of concentration.
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redox reaction
A redox reaction is a chemical reaction that involves oxidation and reduction.
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resonance structure
Resonance structures are the set of Lewis structures that can be drawn for a molecule when it has delocalized electrons.
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reversible reaction
A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction which can go both ways: reactants make products and products make reactants.
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RMS velocity
The RMS or root mean square velocity is the square root of the average of the squares of individual velocities of gas particles, which is a way of describing the average speed of gas particles.
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salt
An ionic compound formed from reacting an acid and a base.salt
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solute
The solute is the substance that gets dissolved in a solvent. Usually, it refers to a solid that is dissolved in a liquid. If you are mixing two liquids, the solvent is the one that is present in a smaller amount.
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solvent
This is the liquid that dissolves a solute in solution. Technically, you can dissolve gases into liquids or into other gases, too. When making a solution where both substances are in the same phase (e.g., liquid-liquid), the solvent is the largest co
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STP
STP means standard temperature and pressure, which is 273K and 1 atmosphere.
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strong acid
A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates in water. An example of a strong acid is hydrochloric acid, HCl, which dissociates into H+ and Cl- in water.
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strong nuclear force
The strong nuclear force is the force that holds the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus together.
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sublimation
Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas. At atmospheric pressure, dry ice or solid carbon dioxide goes directly into carbon dioxide vapor, never becoming liquid carbon dioxide.
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synthesis
Synthesis is making a larger molecule from two or more atoms or smaller molecules.
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system
A system includes everything you are evaluating in a situation.
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temperature
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.
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theoretical yield
Theoretical yield is the amount of product which would result if a chemical reaction proceeded perfectly, to completion, with no loss.
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thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of energy.
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titration
Titration is a procedure in which the concentration of an acid or base is determined by measuring how much base or acid is required to neutralize it.
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triple point
The triple point is the temperature and pressure at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a substance exist in equilibrium.
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unit cell
A unit cell is the simplest repeating structure of a crystal.
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unsaturated
There are two common meanings for unsaturated in chemistry. The first refers to a chemical solution that does not contain all of the solute that can be dissolved in it. Unsaturated also refers to an organic compound which contains one or more double
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unshared electron pair
An unshared electron pair or lone pair refers to two electrons that aren't participating in chemical bonding.
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valence electron
The valence electrons are the atom's outermost electrons.
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volatile
Volatile refers to a substance that has a high vapor pressure.
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VSEPR
VSEPR stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion. This is a theory used that predicts molecular shapes based on the assumption that electrons stay as far as possible from each other.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Accuracy is a measure of how close a measured value is to its true value. For example, if an object is exactly a meter long and you measure it as 1.1 meters long, that is more accurate than if you measured it at 1.5 meters long.

Back

accuracy

Card 3

Front

There are several ways to define an acid, but they include any chemical that gives off protons or H+ in water. Acids have a pH less than 7. They turn the pH indicator phenolphthalein colorless and turn litmus paper red.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

An acid anhydride is an oxide that forms an acid when it is reacted with water. For example, when SO3- is added to water, it becomes sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The actual yield is the amount of product you actually obtain from a chemical reaction, as in the amount you can measure or weigh as opposed to a calculated value.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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