undifferenciated cells of multicellular organisms, they differenciate into speciallised cells e.g. nerve cells
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leukemia treatment with stem cells
its blood cancer, stem cells are taken from bone marrow in the pelvis and stem cells are extracted, chemo removes the cancerous cells , stem cells are then reinserted and turn into white and red blood cells
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osmosis
movement of water molecules from low concentration to high concentration, if the solution is separated from the water by the plasma membrane , there free to diffuse alongthe concentration gradient
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diffusionq
movement of molecules freely from high concentration to low concentration gradient it occurs across plasma membrane when its fully permable to the solute
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facilitated diffusion
some substances are unable to pass through because they are two large they have an impact on channel protiens which form pores large enough to allow diffusion
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active transport
uses energy from ATP transports along the concenration gradient, 1. atp binds to protien carrier, turns into adp and chnages shape 2. allows molecules transport along membrane 3. adp move away and repeats
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mitotic index
number of cells in mitosis/ total number of cells
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cell cycle
interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
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interphase
G1= cell performs differenciational functions s= chromosomes duplicate G3= more growth of cell, transcription and translation , prep for cell division
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mitoisis - prophase
dna supercoil, 2 chromatids held by centromere nucleus disapears and the membrane breaks down
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metaphase
`moves to the centre of the plates
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anaphase
centromeres divide, single fibres shorten, sister chromatids move to opposite poles
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