Biology Core Principles 1.2 - Cell Structure and Organisation
Developed from the resources provided by Peter Symonds College
There are lots of flashcards, just to ensure that everything is covered for any eventuality in the exams
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- Created by: KieranFifield
- Created on: 08-01-18 16:31
What is the function of the Mitochondria?
Site of aerobic respiration; synthesis of ATP
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What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
Assists with the transport of proteins
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What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
Helps with the synthesis and transportation of lipids
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What is the function of the Golgi Body?
To modify and package protein packages for secretion; synthesis of lysosomes
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What is the function of Centrioles?
Creates the spindle formation to assist with cell division
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What is the function of the Nucleolus?
Synthesis of rRNA
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What is the function of the Lysosomes?
Contains lysin to digest foreign bodies; assist with apotosis (process of programmed cell death)
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What is the function of the Cytoplasm?
Host to the majority of reactions taking place inside the cell
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What is the function of the Large Permanent Vacuole?
Store water and mineral ions; maintain osmotic pressure to remain turgid
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What is the name of the membrane surrounding the Large Permanent Vacuole?
Tonoplast
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What is the function of the Plasmodesmata?
Exchange of large organic molecules via cytoplasmic screening
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What is the process of how a Prokaryote became a Eukaryote?
Endosymbiosis (Bacteria absorbed other respiratory bacteria meaning that the prokaryotic cells obtained the organelles we now know as chloroplasts and mitochondria)
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What is the function of a Ribosome?
Protein synthesis and translation
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What is the function of the Chloroplasts?
Synthesis of ATP; photosynthesis
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Explain how a protein is synthesised
Nucleus contains DNA which codes for the amino acid sequence; mRNA copy of the DNA made by transcription; ribosomes synthesised; ribosomes synthesise the protein using the mRNA to translate into tRNA for coding
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Explain how a protein is released from the cell
The RER transports the protein to the Golgi Body; the protein is modified accordingly; packaged into a Secretory Vesicle; Vesicle migrates towards the plasma membrane; Vesicle fuses with the membrane; contents released through exocytosis
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Define Magnification
The number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object
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Define Resolution
The ability to see two objects separate from each other
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What is the "I AM" equation?
Image size (um (mm x 1000)) / Actual Size x Magnification (think of it in the "I AM" triangle)
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What is the Calibration equation?
Stage Micrometre (up to 1000 units) / Eye Piece Graticule (up to 100 units)
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How do you know whether the Magnification is higher or lower?
The lower the number of um per Eye Piece Graticule, the higher the Magnification is
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What organelles are present in both Animal and Plant Cells?
Cell Membrane; Mitochondria; DNA; Ribosomes; Nucleolus; Nucleus; RER; Golgi Body
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What organelles are ONLY found in Animal Cells?
Small Temporary Vacuole (Vesicles); Centrioles; Glycogen (used as an energy store in animal cells - not an organelle); Lysosome
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What organelles are ONLY found in Plant Cells?
Cell Wall; Large Permanent Vacuole; Starch Grain; Plasmodesmata; Tonoplast (unique only to plant cells around the Large Permanent Vacuole); Chloroplasts
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Why do cells have internal membranes?
Provide a transport system (RER/SER/Vesicles); Differentiation and Specialisation; Large Surface Area for the attachment of Enzymes and other reactants - ATP synthesis (cristae)
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What is the generalised term given to Plant and Animal Cells?
Eukaryotic Cells
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What is the generalised term given to Bacterial Cells?
Prokaryotic Cells
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What are the differences between Prokaryotic Cells (P) and Eukaryotic Cells (E)?
(P) 70s ribosomes/(E) 80s; (P) Circular DNA (plasmids)/(E) Linear DNA (no plasmids); (P) Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycogen/(E) Cell walls (if present) made of Cellulose; (P) No membrane bound organelles/(E) membrane bound organelles present
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"The nucleus contains chromatin which is the DNA tightly wrapped around histone proteins" - What type of cell is this?
Eukaryotic
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"Genetic material is free in the cytoplasm in an area called the nucleotide" - What type of cell is this?
Prokaryotic
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What are the two different types of Virus Structure?
DNA (warts, chicken pox); RNA (HIV, influenza, rabies) - RNA is slightly more fatal - both have a Lipid Membrane and a Capsid (protein coat)
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Describe the general structure of a Virus
Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme going through the D/RNA, Protein Coats present with the Lipid Bilayer (Lipoprotein Envelope), Protein in the Outer Membrane
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What is present in a Prokaryote Cell Structure?
Capsule (mucilaginous layer of slime to stop drying out); Cell wall (10-80nm thick made of Peptidoglycogen); Cell Surface Membrane; Mesosome (infolding of membrane); Plasmid; Risbosomes (70s); Cytoplasm; DNA; Flagellum (live in fluid); Pilus
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Is a Fungi a Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Cell?
Eukaryotic (however, the Cell wall is made of Chitin)
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What is the function of a Membrane Bound Nucleus?
Compartmentalises the DNA to reduce corruption of the DNA in the cytoplasm
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What are the four types of tissue?
Muscular, Skeletal, Epithelial, Connective
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What are the main five epithelial tissues?
Squamous (thin, smooth, diffusion in the alveoli); Cuboidal (box shaped, kidney molecule movement); Columnar (Column shaped (maybe with cilia), molecule movement in the small intestine); Ciliated (lines organs); Glandular (lines digestive system)
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What is the structure of Connective Tissue?
Except for blood, all the connective tissues contain the protein collagen in the extracellular material
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What is the function/location of Connective Tissue?
Connects other tissues together (i.e. tissues and muscles); areolar connective tissue which sticks epithelial tissues to other tissues - blood, bone, cartilage
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What is the function and structure of Skeletal Muscles?
Muscle cells joined together to form fibres - striations caused by overlapping protein molecules; used to move whole organisms or part of them and found throughout the body.
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What is the function and structure of Smooth Muscles?
Unstriated, individual cells which can shorten in length; blood vessel vasoconstriction/vasodilation and intestine for peristalsis - found in the walls of the intestine and blood vessels
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What is the function and structure of Cardiac Muscle?
Fibres are striated and branched, attached at the ends to adjoining fibres by intercalated discs; pumps blood around body by allowing the heart to contract/relax - only in the heart
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What is the organ system structure? (Starting form a Simple Molecule)
Simple Molecule - Complex Molecule - Cell - Tissue - Organ - [Organ] System - Organism
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Define Tissue
A group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function - they act as a protective layer
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Define Organ
A group of tissues in a structural unit, working together and performing a specific function
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State one way in which the structure of a virus is different from that of a bacterium
A Virus has a protein capsid whereas a bacterium has a polysaccharide cell wall
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What is the function of the Nuclear Pores?
Transportation of mRNA
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Explain why the ultrastructure of the bacterial cell can only be seen with an electron microscope
Only under an electron microscope is there a strong enough resolution to be able to distinguish the cells as a result of the smaller wavelengths from the electrons
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Suggest two structural features of mitochondria that provide evidence that mitochondria originated from prokaryotes
Double membrane presence; infolding of membrane; no membrane bound organelles
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
Back
Assists with the transport of proteins
Card 3
Front
What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
Back

Card 4
Front
What is the function of the Golgi Body?
Back

Card 5
Front
What is the function of Centrioles?
Back

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