Biology- introduction to endocrinology

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Roles of the endocrine and nervous system
2 major control systems of the body ,
effective cell to cell communication in complex multicellular organisms ,
Monitor internal environment ,
Make adaptive changes (homeostasis),
Environmental response ,
Regulate growth, development, reproduction
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The nervous system is?
Network of neurons which transmit signals
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The endocrine system is?
Chemical signalling through hormones that travel round the body and targets cells with receptors that allow them to respond
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What is homeostasis?
Maintain steady state or internal balance regardless of external environment

If above or below set point a stimulus will trigger a response and will return to steady state
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What are hormones?
Chemical messenger produced by an endocrine gland and transported into bloodstream to a target organ/cell where there is a response
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what are the 3 classes of hormones?
Proteins/peptides e.g. growth hormone

Cholesterol Derivatives e.g. steroids, vitamin D

Modified amino acids e.g. adrenaline, thyroid hormones
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What are the actions of the hormones?
Affect growth, development, metabolic activity, function of tissues
Stimulatory or inhibitory
Endocrine system- act on several tissues
Nervous system- act on just one specific tissue
Responsive tissues must have specific receptors for that hormone
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What are hormone levels influenced by?
Rate of secretion

Rate of metabolism

Binding proteins
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What is the hypothalamic-pituitary system?
Major role in coordinating the endocrine system, organises hormonal responses to stimuli from higher centres of brain in response to internal/external changes
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Where is the hypothalamus and what is its function
Located at base of brain connected to spinal cord
regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, water/salt balance etc
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What is the HPA?
Hypothalamus/pituitary/adrenal

Adrenal gland on top of kidney, adrenaline secreted by adrenal medulla and cortisol & aldosterone secreted by adrenal cortex
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What is the HPT axis?
Hypothalamus/pituitary/thyroid
Regulation of thyroid hormone release
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) / Thyrotropin
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What are the effects of the thyroid hormone?
Increases basal metabolic rate
Increases heart rate
Increases activity and sensitivity
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Regulation of glucose levels
Pancreas:
Exocrine component- digestive enzymes, duct, duodenum
Endocrine component- Islet cells, hormones, bloodstream
Diabetes Mellitus- Common endocrine disorder
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What is the hormone insulin?
Polypeptide hormone composed of two peptide chains
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What does glucagon do?
Opposes the actions of insulin,
in liver glucagon converts stored glycogen and amino acids into glucose
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The nervous system is?

Back

Network of neurons which transmit signals

Card 3

Front

The endocrine system is?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is homeostasis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are hormones?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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