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1. plasma proteins:
- include immunoglobulins and albumin
- are important carriers of o2 and co2
- readily cross the capillary wall
- are synthesised in the spleen
- are responsible for the red colour of blood
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2. the sympathetic nervous system when activated:
- decreases the strength of cardiac contraction
- releases Ach from postganglionic nerve fibres
- increases systemic vascular resistance (causes vasocontriction)
- decreases heart rate
- decrease blood flow
3. the baroreceptor reflex:
- increases heart rate in response to an increase of bp
- is an example of a negative feedback process
- utilises chemoreceptors located in the brain
- is mediated by receptors in the heart
- is responsible for the regulation of heart rate
4. an increase in venous return to the heart:
- increases filling of the ventricle during systole
- increases ventricular stroke work
- is termed hypotension
- occurs when standing up
- occurs after reduction of blood volume
5. the cardiac output:
- is the same from the right ventricle compared to the left
- is decreased if venous return is raised
- is the product of arterial blood pressure multiplied and stroke volume
- is reduced during exercise
- is measured by flow receptors in the aorta
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