Chemistry Key words

Activation energy

The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place

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Alkali Metals

Elements in group 1 of the periodic table

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Alkane

saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2

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Alkene

Unsturated hydrocarbon which contains a carbon-carbon double bond. General formula is C2H4

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Alloy

A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

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Anhydrous

Decribes substance that does not contain water

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Anode

The positive electrode in electrolysis

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Aqueous solution

Th mixture made by adding a soluble substance to water

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Atom

Salst part of an element tht can sill be rcognised a that element

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Atomic number

The number of potons in an atom.

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Avagadro Constant

The nmber of atoms, molecules, or ions in a mole of any substance

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Base

Theoxide , hydroxide, or carbonat o a metal that will react with an acid, formng a salt as one o the products. Bases are proton (H+ion) acceptors

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Biofuel

Fuel made from anima or plant products

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Bioleaching

process of extraction of metals from ore using miroorganisms

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Blast furnace

The huge reaction vessels used in industry to extract iron from its ore

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Bond energy

The energy required to break a secific chemical bond

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Carbon footprint

The total amount of carbon dioxid and other greenhouse gases emitted over the full life cycle of a product, service or event

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Catalyst

A subsance that speeds up a chemical reaction by providing a different pathway for the reaction that has a lower activation energy. Catalyst is chemically unchanged at the end o the reaction

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Cathode

The negative electrode in electolysis

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Ceramics

Materials made by heating clay,or other compounds, to high temeperatures to make hard, but often brittle, mterials, which make excellent electrical insultors.

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Chromatgraphy

The process whereby small amouns of dissolved substances are serperated by running a solvent along a material

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Closed system

A system in which no matter enters or leaves

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Collision theory

An explanatio of chemical reactions in trms of reacting particles colliding with sufficient energy fo a reaction to take place

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Composites

Materials mad of two or more different materials, containing a matrix or binder surrounding and binding together fibres orfragmens of another material which acts as the reinforcement.

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Compound

A sbstance made when two or more elements are chemically bonded together

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Covalent bond

The bond between two atoms that share on or more pairs of electrons

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Covalent bonding

The attraction between two atoms that share one or more pair of electons

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Cracking

The reaction use in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbon into smaller, more useful ones

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Delocalised electron

Bonding electron that is no longer associated with any one particular atom

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Displacement reaction

A reaction in which more reactive element takes the plac of a less reactive element in one of its compounds or in solutions

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Distillation

Seperation of a liquid from a mixture by evaporation follwed by condensation`

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Doube bond

A covalent bond made by the sharing of two pairs of electons

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Electrolysis

The breakdown of a substance containing ions by electricity

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Electrolyte

A liquid, containing free-movig ions, whic is broken down by electrolysis

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Electron

A tiny particle with negativ charge. They orbit the nuleus of atoms or ions in shells

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Element

A substance made up of only one type of atom. An element cannotbe broken down chemically into any simpler substance

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Endothermic

A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings

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Equillibrium

The point in a a reversible reaction at which the forward and backward rates of reaction are the same. Therefore, the amounts o substances present in the reacting mixture remain constant.

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Exothermic

A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings

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Filtration

Technique used to seperate substances that are insoluble in a particular solvent from those that are soluble

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Fraction

Hydrocarbons with siilar boling points seperated from crude oil

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Fractional distillation

A way to seperate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures, then condensing and collecting the liquids

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Fullerene

Form of the element carbon that can exist as larg cage-like stuctures, based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms

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Giant covalent structure

A huge 3D network of covalently boded atoms

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Giant lattice

A huge 3D network of atoms or ions

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Group

Elements in collumns labelled 1-7

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Half equation

An equation that describes reduction or oxidation

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Halogens

The elements found in Group 7 of the periodic table

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Hydrated

A substance that contains water in its crystals

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Hydrocarbon

A compound containing only one hydrogen and carbon

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Incomplete combustion

When a fuel burns in insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide as a toxic product

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Inert

Unreactive

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Intermolecular forces

The attraction between the individual molecules in a covalently bonded substance

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Ion

A charged particle produced by the loss or gain of electrons

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Ionic bond

the electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

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ionic equation

Equation that shows only the ions or atoms that change in a chemical reaction

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Isotopes

Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons,i.e, they have same atoic number but different mass numbers

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Law of conservation of mass

The total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants

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Le Chateiller's principle

When a change in conditons is introduced to a system of equillibrium, the position of equillibrium shifts so as to cancel out the system

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Mass number

The number of protons puls neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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Mixture

When some elements or compounds are mixed together and intermingle but do not react together. A mixture is not a pure substance

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Mole

The amount of substance in the relative atomic formula masof a substance n grams

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Molecular formula

The chemical formla that shows the actual number of atoms in a particular molecule

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Neutralisation

The chemical reaction of an acid with a base in which a salt and water are formed. If the base is a carbonateor hydrogen carbonate, carbon dioxide is also produced in the reaction

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Neutron

A dnse particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is electrically neutral, carrying charge

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Non-renewable

Something which cannot be replaced once it is used up

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Ore

Ore is rock which contains eough metal to make it economically worthwhile to extract metal

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Oxidation

The reaction when oxygen is added to a substance/ or when electrons are lost

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Oxidised

Describes a substance that has had oxygen added to it or that has lost electrons

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Particulate

Small solid particle given off from motor vehicles as a result of incomplete combustion of its fuel

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Polymer

A substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units

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Precipitate

An insoluble solid formed by a reaction taking place in solution

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Product

A substance made as a result of a chemical reaction

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Proton

A tiny positive particle found inside the nucleus of an atom

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Reactant

A substance we start with before a chemical reaction takes place

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Reaction profile

The relative difference in the energy of reactants and products

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Reduction

A reaction in which oxygen is removed or electrons are gained

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Relative atomic mass

The average mass of an element compared with carbon -12. The average mass must take into account the proportions of the naturally occuring isotopes of the element

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Relative formula mass

The total of the relative atomic masss, added up in the ratio shown in the chemical formula, of a substance

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Reversible reaction

A reaction in which the products can re-form the reactants

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Rf (retention factor)

A measurement from chromatography: it is the distance a spot of substance has been carried above the baseline divided by the distance of the solvent front.

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Salt

A salt is a compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal

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Saturated hydrocarbon

Describes a hydrocarbon with only a single bonds between its carbon atoms. This means that it contains as many hydrogen atoms as possible in each molecule.

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Shell

An area in an atom, around its nucleus, where electrons are found

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States of matter

Tells us whether a substance is a solid, liquid, or gas

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Strong acids

These acids completely ionise in solution and have a high concentration of H+(aq) ions in solution

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Thermal decomposition

The breakdown of a compound by heating it

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Viscosity

The resistance of a liquid to flowing or pouring; a liquid's thickness

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Weak acids

Acids that do not ionise completely in aqueous solutions

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Chemistry Key words

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