Civil War

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What met less frequently during the 1920s?
The Sovnarkom.
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What was the Orgburo?
This was an organisational bureau to supervise the work of local Party committees and supervise the permanent secretariat which was concerned with the day to day running of the Party.
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What took place in 1921?
The ban on factions.
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What did the Russian Civil War bring to the political structure of Russia?
Greater centralisation and Party control. The hold of the one-Party State was tightened. The Party structure was based on annual congresses elected by mass membership, with decisions by the Central Committee.
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What was set up in 1919?
The Orgburo and the Politburo.
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What was the Politburo?
The centre for Party policy. The first elected Politburo of 1919 included Lenin, Trotsky, and Stalin among its original members. Since these were also key government officials, the government became increasingly the instrument for policy making.
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What was decreed after the Civil War?
The local soviets (the place where, in theory, the workers and peasants could show their voice in elections) should only consist of Party members.
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What was set up in 1922?
The post of General Secretary.
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What was set up in 1923?
The nomenklatura.
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Give an example of a national minority uprising in 1922.
There were demands from Georgia for greater independence. These were brutally crushed on the orders of Stalin, which was condemned by Lenin.
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What did the Civil War see the Bolsheviks abandon?
Their decree on 'national self-determination'. Although displays of national culture were permitted, independence movements were counted as 'counter-revolutionary'.
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What took place at the 1922 constitution?
The constitution was changed and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally established in December 1922.
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What were the differences with the USSR?
Minimal. Although Lenin prevailed over Trotsky in creating a federation of republics on a similar sitting, rather than imposing direct control from Moscow which would have mirrored Tsarist, the stated making up the nation were under strict control.
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What were the governments of the republics considered as?
Regional branches of the Sovnarkom, which could be coerced from the centre.
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When the Bolsheviks seized power in 1917, how did they survive?
By a mixture of concession and ruthless action. They overcame the strikes and protests from the workers in cities (who favoured Soviet rather than Bolshevik rule) and by-passed Soviet by creation of Sovnarkom. Prevented other parties from power.
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What was forcibly dissolved in January 1918?
The Constituent Assembly.
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What gave the government what it needed in order to survive?
The Treaty of Brest-Litosvk, even though it was controversial amongst some Bolsheviks.
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In 1936, who was the Supreme Soviet made up of?
The Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of Nationalities. Each republic had its own Supreme Soviet.
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Why did the Supreme Soviet only meet a few days twice a year?
So members could continue regular employment, but it meant that body nearly reflected participation instead of policy making. It was viewed as passing decisions back to the localities than making them.
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What was the main way Stalin was different to Lenin?
Stalin was a personal ruler, where he was above the Party and no longer dependent on it by 1941. Collectivisation and FYP's helped to increase his power, along with his cult, purges and power of new, career led officials.
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By 1941, how was Stalin not invincible?
There was a remote chance others might act against him. The ineffieicney of the bureaucracy at local level might millet what he wanted to do.
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When did Stalin's personal dictatorship really take off?
1936
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Give an example of where there acted against Stalin.
In 1937 he was outvoted in the Politburo in his plan to replace Yezhov with Malenkov as head of the NKVD.
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Under Stalin, what did the State continue to do?
Control state institutions, use parallel structures of government and Party and use dual membership of Party and government with the nomenklatura.
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As General Secretary, how did Stalin control the more important appointments to the Party?
Through the Party 'apparat'. People working in this adminstarive system were known as apparatchiki.
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What did the apparatchiki do?
Controlled the nomenklatura. This meant Stalin commanded vast positions through Soviet society. Stalin preferred to work with personally selected appointees rather than full Politburo, and used his appointments for elaborate bureaucrats at localities
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What did Trotsky write in 1936?
'Revolution Betrayed'. This was on Stalin's power in the 1930s and said bureaucracy needed to be swept away and new proletarian revolution. Bureacrats never swept away but became Stalin's staunchest supporters.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What was the Orgburo?

Back

This was an organisational bureau to supervise the work of local Party committees and supervise the permanent secretariat which was concerned with the day to day running of the Party.

Card 3

Front

What took place in 1921?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did the Russian Civil War bring to the political structure of Russia?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was set up in 1919?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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