Crime and Punishment

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Crimes against a person
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Assault
Public disorder
Murder
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Crimes against property
Arson
Theft
Fraud
Poaching
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Crimes against authority
Treason
Rebellion
Terrorism
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Anglo-Saxon
c1000
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Why was crime fairly low?
Sense of duty towards their community
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Tithings
A group of men that were responsible for law enforcement
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Hue and cry
Victim or witness would shout for help, people expected to chase and catch suspect.
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What three courts were there?
Royal Courts
Shire Courts
Hundred Courts
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Oaths
Could swear innocence 'before God', may be supported by oath helpers.
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Trial by ordeal
If courts couldn't decide, church would do trial by ordeal (trial by hot water or hot iron) the outcome would be seen as Gods judgement.
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What punishments were used in Anglo-Saxon Britain?
Fines and compensation
Wergild
Corporal punishments
Capital puishments (rare)
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Wergild
Paying compensation to victims, amount of wergild would depend on victims' social status.
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Normans
c1066- c1200
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What crimes happened in Norman Britian?
Forest Laws
Rebellions
Murdrum fines
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What was the murdrum fine?
If an Anglo-Saxon murdered a Norman and was not caught, the hundred where the body was found would have to pay a large sum of money
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Forest Laws
30% Of England became 'Royal Forest' under William I, it was illegal to hunt or take wood without a license
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What law enforcement continued from Anglo-Saxon Britain to Norman Britain?
Tithings
Hue and cry
Court system
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What two new law enforcements were there?
Trial by combat
Forest officials (foresters)
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Trial by Combat
Two people would fight until the death or till one surrendered
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Forest Officials (Foresters)
Policed the royal forest, often violent, hated by local community
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What punishments continued from Anglo-Saxon Britain to Norman Britain?
Very minor crimes still punishable by fines, whipping or time in the stocks
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What changes in punishment were there?
Capital punishment increased
Corporal punishment increased
Breaking forest laws punished very harshly (castration, blinding, hanging)
Wergild system ended all fines paid to king
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Later Medieval
c1200-c1500
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Why did crime increase?
Towns increased
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What law enforcement from Noman Britain to Later Medieval Britain stay the same?
Tithings
Hue and cry
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When was Trial by ordeal and Trial by combat abolished?
1215
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What ix law enforcements were there in Medieval Britain?
Sheriff
Parish constable
Night watch
JP's
Church courts
Sanctuary
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How did the role of the sheriff expand?
Expected to track down criminal if hue and cry failed, from 1285 the sheriff was allowed a posse of local men to help chase and catch the criminal
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Parish Constable
Local people nominated by the community, unpaid, held post for a year, led chase after hue and cry was given and arrested suspects
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Night watch
Volunteers patrolled the streets, suspected criminals caught were handed to constable
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Justice of Peace Act (1361)
JPs were mostly local lords who were appointed by the monarch and had the power to hold trials for minor crimes.
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Church courts
Try those accused of moral crimes e.g., sex outside marriage and not following church rules, as well as members of the clergy.
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Benefit of the Clergy
People proved they were members of the church by reading a passage from the Bible to be tried in church courts as they offered more lenient punishments. (Focused on reformation)
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Sanctuary
Someone can claim sanctuary by staying in a church and can’t be arrested whilst they are in there. They have 40
days to leave the church or be outlawed.
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What punishments stayed the same between Norman Britain and Later Medieval Britain?
Corporal punishments
Crimes against authority still punished harshly
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What punishment changed?
Capital punishment decreased
Fines increased
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Early Modern Britain
c1500-c1700
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Population and unemployment increased this led to crime against ....
The person- street criminals and petty theives
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End of feudalism- new farming methods like enclosures lead to crime against ...
Property- poaching
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Religious changes led to crime against ...
Authority- Heresy and Treason
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What other crimes were there in Early Modern Britain?
Smuggling
Vagabondage
Witchcraft
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Why did smuggling increase in the 17th century?
Introduction of import taxes
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Vagrancy
The crime of being an unemployed homeless person. Tudors hated vagrants because the Bible
taught “idle hands
make the devil work”, they were seen to always commit crimes like begging and stealing and were rumoured to travel in
gangs and speak their own l
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When were the Poor Laws passed?
What were they?
1601
Meant the 'deserving' poor were given poor relief by local parish and 'undeserving' poor could be whipped, branded (Vagrancy Law 1547) or sent to correction houses
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Why did witchcraft increase?
Religious turmoil
James I (demonologie)
Mathew Hopkins
Introduction of printing and pamphlets
Economic problems (bad harvest)
Women left widowed after Civil War
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Why did witchcraft decrease?
Civil war ended
economic stability
Social stability
political stability
Churches became more settled
Royal society increased scientific knowledge
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Witchcraft Laws
1604
Made witchcraft punishable by death
Passed under James I
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When was the Gunpowder Plot?
What caused it?
1605
Laws made by Elizabeth I stopped Catholics practising their faith, James I continued with anti-Catholic laws when Elizabeth died, Plotters wanted James' daughter Elizabeth monarch
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Describe the events of the Gunpowder Plot
Group of Catholics, led by Robert Catesby, plotted to kill the king and other leading Protestants at the state opening of parliament, the rented a house next to parliament and a cellar underneath house of parliament, Lord Monteagle gave his letter telling
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What were the consequences of the Gunpowder plot?
Cecil ordered a search of the Houses of parliament Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder were found. All the plotters were found guilty of treason. In 1606 they were publicly hung, drawn and quartered.
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What law enforcement stayed the same between later medieval and early modern Britain?
Hue and cry
still no national police
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How did churches become less significant in law enforcement?
From 1576, church courts couldn't try criminal acts only moral one
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What other methods of law enforcement were introduced in early modern Britain?
Night watchmen
Town Constables
Witch-hunts
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Night watchmen
All male householders expected to volunteer to patrol the streets between 10pm and dawn, unpaid, overseen by town council
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Town constables
Employed by town authority, respected by community, could arrest people and take them to JPs, helped town administration, oversaw night watchmen
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Witch-hunts
1645-1647
Time period during English civil war were people actively tried to discover witches.
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Mathew Hopkins
Employed by a Jp to find witches in East Angelia
Investigated 300 people, 112 of which were hanged
Received money for each witch he caught
Used torture methods for people to confess
Stirred up mass panic and fear through his prosecutions and pamphlets
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What was seen as evidence for witchcraft?
Unusual marks
Floating in water
Witness accounts
Possessed children
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What punishments continued from later medieval to early modern Britain?
Fines still used for minor crimes, capital and corporal punishments still used with main aim of retribution and deterrence
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What new punishments were introduced in early modern Britain?
Bloody code
Transportation
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Bloody Code
The list of offences which would end the life of the perpetrator.
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By what year did the number of capital offences increase to 50?
1688
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Transportation
Criminals began to be transported to work in colonies in North America under James I, around 60,000 men were transported around this time
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Why was transportation used?
Gave criminals chance at rehabilitation and helped to establish American colonies
Provided an alternative to execution which was sometimes seen as too harsh
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Industrial Britain
c1700-c1900
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What crimes increased in industrial Britain?
Street theft
Drunk and disorderly behaviour
Prostitution
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What is some general reasons crime increased in industrial Britain?
Extreme poverty
Transient population
Larger towns
Some criminals became 'professionals'
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What crimes were there in industrial Britain?
Highway robbery
Poaching
Smuggling
Tolpuddle Martyrs
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Why did highway robbery increase in 18th century?
Improved roads led to more people travelling
Increased trade between towns meant more goods and money were transported
Many roads were isolated
Taverns allowed men to hide
Weapons were cheap and easy to buy
Many ex-soldiers didn't have hobs after civi
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Why did poaching increase?
What Act did this lead to?
Increased since poaching gangs worked on a large scale
Lead to poaching being added to the 1723 Waltham Black Act, being punishable by death
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Who were the tolpuddle martyrs?
6 farm workers who formed a 'friendly society' to protest about their low wages in 1834.
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What happened to the tolpuddle martyrs?
Why?
In 1834 they were arrested of taking secret oaths, they were found guilty and sentenced to 7 years transportation to Australia
This was because the farm owners felt they were losing control and wanted to deter others from forming trade unions
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What impact did the public have on the tolpuddle martyrs?
There was a mass protests in opposition of the harsh punishment they received, 200,000 signatures on a petition. This led to the martyrs being pardoned in 1836 and returning home.
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What law enforcement stayed the same from later medieval Britain to industrial Britain?
Use of watchmen and parish constables
Soldiers used to put down riots
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What new law enforcements were introduced in industrial Britian?
The Bow Street Runners
The Metropolitain Police
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When were the Bow Street Runner set up?
Who set them up?
1749
Chief Magistrate Henry fielding
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What did the Bow Street Runners do?
They tracked down criminals and stolen property, later also patrolled the streets
They were the first 'modern detectives'
They aimed to deter crime by brining criminals to justice and patrolling streets on foot and horseback
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Did the Bow Street Runners get paid?
At first, they received money from the victims of crime or people who wanted their streets patrolled but by 1785 they were paid by the government
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What did the Bow Street runners show?
Showed that a professional police force could work
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What and when was the Metropolitan police act?
Who put it forward?
In 1829, home secretory Robert Peel put forward the Metropolitain police Act, which introduced a police force across the whole of London
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In 1885, how many officers did the Met have?
How big was the population?
13,000 officers
A population of 5 million people
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How did the Met deter crime?
Constables were deployed on the 'beat' were they patrolled a set route of streets
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What was the CID?
When was this department of the Met set up?
Criminal investigation Department
1878
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What did the CID do?
They detected crime, separate from the rest of the force, who prevented it.
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When was Charles Warren appointed Met commissioner?
1886
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Warren banned an upcoming protest but when it still went ahead what did he do?
When and where was this protest?
In Trafalgar Square 13th November 1887, Warren sent thousands of police and around a thousand army men, leading to violent clashes
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What four things did Robert Peel do?
- In 1825, reduced the number of capital crimes by 100
- Wanted less harsh punishments for petty crimes and wanted reformation of criminals
- Persuaded the parliament to pass the 1823 Gaols Act
-Se up the Metropolitan police in 1829
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How did the views on punishment change in industrial Britain?
Increased feelings that punishments should be equal to the crime, corporal and capital punishments were inhumane except for the most serious crimes committed, punishments should be about rehabilitation
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Reforming the penal code
From 222 capital crimes, Peel reduced the number by 100 aiming to reform petty criminals rather than kill them
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When did criminals begin to be transported to Australia?
When did this stop?
Criminals began to be transported to Australia in 1787
This stopped in 1868
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Why did transportation end?
Australia no longer needed the forced labour as more people wanted to work there (discovery of gold). Australians
became sick of the criminals. Became too expensive and not an effective deterrent as crime rates rose. More
prisons have been built and more
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Why was the use of prisons increasingly used as a punishment?
Many believed poor conditions would deter people
However, some people believed they should be a form of rehabilitation
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John Howard
His work led to the 1774 Gaol Act
Suggested how health and sanitation could be improved
healthy buildings, separation of prisoners, decent diet, better warders and a system of inspection
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Elizabeth Fry
Began visiting women in Newgate prison in 1813
She set up education classes in order to reform them and got them better food and clothes
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Peel's Gaols Act 1823
Influenced by the work of Howard and Fry
-Chaplains should regularly visit prisons
-Galors should be paid
_-Prisoners should not be put in chains
-Attempts to reform prisons should be made
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When was Pentonville Prison built?
What system did it operate on?
1842
'Separate system'
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What were the conditions at Pentonville prison like?
Thick walls so no one could talk to each other. Housed thousands of individuals. Prisoners
received exercise but were masked so couldn't see each other. Pointless labour. Small windows and toilet. Solitude thought to be the best for rehabilitation
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What was the purpose of the separate system?
To rehabilitate- the solitude allowed prisoners to reflect ton their crime
To retribute and deter
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Modern Britain
c1900-present
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What crimes stayed the same from industrial Britain to modern Britain?
theft, violent crimes, terrorism, smuggling
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What new crimes were there in modern Britain?
Cybercrime
Hate crime
Drug crime
Driving offences
Conscription
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Cybercrime
technological improvements mean many people are at risk of online theft, fraud, extortion, hate crime etc.
Can target many people at once, perpetrator can be abroad
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Hate crime
Due to greater diversity, crimes against someone based on their race, religion or sexuality were punished more severely (enabled the Criminal Justice Act 2005) Also meant some previous illegal acts were decimalised.
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When was homosexuality decriminalised?
When was abortion decriminalised?
Homosexuality- 1967 Sexual Offences Act
Abortion- 1967 Abortion Act
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Drug crime
The 1971 Misue of Drugs Act made taking or suppling drugs illegal
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Driving offences
Using a mobile phone while driving, not having car insurance, not having valid license, speeding
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Conscription
A law that states that everyone who is asked to and who is fit, has to fight in the armed forces. To refuse to do so would be a crime. Introduces twice in Britain during WW1 and WW2
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What changes in police were made in modern Britain?
improvement in technology means crime can be reached and discovered faster. Specialised units have also been set up.
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What is the specialised units set up for:
National Crime Agency
Economic Crime Unit
Special branch
National crime agency for serious organised crime
Economic crime unit for large scale fraud
Special branch for terrorism
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Neighbourhood watch
From 1982, these groups used special volunteers to help prevent/detect crime locally, aiming to increase vigilance and education to decrease crime rate
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Police Community support Officers
in 2002, were introduced to try and prevent crimes in the community,
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What are two pays police try to prevent crime
Working with schools and community groups such as neighbourhood watch to teach how to protect themselves and their property
Play major role in governments Prevention Programme which aims to challenge extremism and radicalism
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Scientific development
DNA evidence and finger printing has helped discover and prosecute criminals
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When was the death penalty last used?
when was it abolished?
Last used in 1964
Abolished in 1965
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Timothy Evans
What year?
Hanged for murdering his wife and baby. Later evidence proved it wasn't him
1950
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Derek Bentely
What year?
Friend Christopher Craig decided to burgle warehouse, confronted by police, Craig shot DC Fairfax and killed PC Miles supposedly encouraged by Bentely, both tried and convicted for murder, Craig (16) was sentenced to prison, Bentely (19) was hanged.
1953
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Why was the Bentely case seen as unfair?
Bentely never killed anyone
Had mental age of 10-year-old
Turned himself into the police and was in their custody when murder happened
'Let him have it, Chris' could have meant to give police the gun
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What year was Derek Bentely pardoned
1993
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Ruth Ellis
What year?
Murdered boyfriend, but he'd been violently abusive for years. She was mother of a young child who was left orphaned by mothers' execution. 50,000 people signed petition against her death but was ignored.
1955
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How did prisons change?
used more, different prisons for different levels of crime, prisoners being released on probation since 1907, in 1948 hard labour and corporal punishment in prisons was abolished, separate prisons for young people
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Separate prisons for young people
borstals (early 1900s) used education and work to try reducing re-offending rates
Today's Young Offenders Institution have high levels of re-offending rates
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Non-custodial punishments
Community service, Antisocial Behaviours Orders (ASBOs) and electrical tagging
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Conscientious objectors (COs)
People who had religious, moral or political objections to war. Due to conscription had to be tried by tribunals to judge whether their objections were genuine.
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COs during WW1
16,000 men refused to fight
Tribunals included military officers
Only 400 given total exemption
Alternativists were given non-combat roles
Absolutists were imprisoned and treated brutally
General public and press were critical of COs
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COs during WW2
Around 60,000 men refused to fight
Tribunals only made up of court professionals
Most were given exemption
Alternativists were given non-combat roles
Absolutists weren't treated as harshly
Governments attitudes changed, societies didn't
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Arson
Theft
Fraud
Poaching

Back

Crimes against property

Card 3

Front

Treason
Rebellion
Terrorism

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

c1000

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Sense of duty towards their community

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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