Controversies in Psychology C3

Non-human animals - introduction
People have very strong _______ about how we view and treat animals. This is apparent when it comes to using animals for ________ in psychology. Is it ________? Should animals be given the same ethical _____ as humans?

People have very strong opinions about how we view and treat animals. This is apparent when it comes to using animals for research in psychology. Is it justifiable? Should animals be given the same ethical rights as humans?

1 of 159

Speciesism
P: No moral basis for putting the interests of one species over another, this is speciesism which is a form of ___________
E: ______s principles of equality...

P: No moral basis for putting the interests of one species over another, this is speciesism which is a form of discrimination
E: Singer's principles of equality...

2 of 159

holds that all sentient creatures have an equal interest in avoiding suffering so speciesism should be avoided. However animal testing may be permissible when potential _______ are high and research can't be carried out on humans, this is a ___________ po

holds that all sentient creatures have an equal interest in avoiding suffering so speciesism should be avoided. However animal testing may be permissible when potential benefits are high and research can't be carried out on humans, this is a utalitarian p

3 of 159

E: Singer argues the use of animals can be unethical unless the __________ process is used. This is when the researcher gets the maximum benefit while minimising potential harm.

E: Singer argues the use of animals can be unethical unless the utalitarian process is used. This is when the researcher gets the maximum benefit while minimising potential harm.

4 of 159

EXT P: Some evidence suggests animals are sentient and suffer psychological harm
E: ____ found rats who had been previously soaked were quicker to learn how to free a caged soaked rat.

EXT P: Some evidence suggests animals are sentient and suffer psychological harm
E: Sato found rats who had been previously soaked were quicker to learn how to free a caged soaked rat.

5 of 159

Rats chose to free a distressed caged rat before obtaining a reward of _________. Suggests that rats are able to experience _______ and value other rats over rewards.

Rats chose to free a distressed caged rat before obtaining a reward of chocolate. Suggests that rats are able to experience empathy and value other rats over rewards.

6 of 159

E: Due to this, Regan takes the ________ view. This is that the cost to animals can never be justified in terms of human benefit, animals have the same ______ as humans and so their life should be ______ in the same way.

E: Due to this, Regan takes the absolutist view. This is that the cost to animals can never be justified in terms of human benefit, animals have the same rights as humans and so their life should be valued in the same way.

7 of 159

P: Being speciest doesn't cause ethical issues
E: ____ argues we have a special duty of care to further the welfare of our own species. It would be unethical not to do research on animals if it could be of any _______ to humans.

P: Being speciest doesn't cause ethical issues
E: Gray argues we have a special duty of care to further the welfare of our own species. It would be unethical not to do research on animals if it could be of any benefit to humans.

8 of 159

E: Conducting research on animals doesn't require the __________ process as our own species is more highly valued. Speciesism isn't equivalent to ________ or ________ so it's not a problem.

E: Conducting research on animals doesn't require the utalitarian process as our own species is more highly valued. Speciesism isn't equivalent to racism or sexism so it's not a problem.

9 of 159

Comparitive/ethological psychology
P: Comparitive psychology, the study of non-human animals in controlled conditions, causes ethical issues
E: ______'s monkeys

P: Comparitive psychology, the study of non-human animals in controlled conditions, causes ethical issues
E: Harlow's monkeys

10 of 159

the ____ mother had a bottle attached for providing food, the ____ mother provided comfort and security. When frightened, the infant monkeys clung to their ____ mother.

the wire mother had a bottle attached for providing food, the cloth mother provided comfort and security. When frightened, the infant monkeys clung to their cloth mother.

11 of 159

Disputes Freud's theories suggesting _____ is everything to infants, instead suggests that infant attachments are based on _______ and _______.
E: Unnatural conditions caused monkeys distress and _________ harm, comparitive is unethical

Disputes Freud's theories suggesting food is everything to infants, instead suggests that infant attachments are based on comfort and security.
E: Unnatural conditions caused monkeys distress and psychological harm, comparitive is unethical

12 of 159

P: Ethological research, research on animals in their natural environment, is more ethical
E: _______ left some goose eggs to be hatched by mother goose, he also hatched some in an incubator.

P: Ethological research, research on animals in their natural environment, is more ethical
E: Lorenz left some goose eggs to be hatched by mother goose, he also hatched some in an incubator.

13 of 159

He found that the baby goslings _________ to him or mother goose. Even when he put them all under a box and lifted it, they __________ to either of them. If the infants didn't imprint within __-__ hours of hatching, they would fail to form attachment and

He found that the baby goslings imprinted to him or mother goose. Even when he put them all under a box and lifted it, they separated to either of them. If the infants didn't imprint within 12-17 hours of hatching, they would fail to form attachment and

14 of 159

Similar to Bowlby's claim that a lack of ___________ in early life has long-term consequences for child development
E: Ethological is ethical because it studies animals in a way which doesn't affect their __________.

Similar to Bowlby's claim that a lack of attachment in early life has long-term consequences for child development
E: Ethological is ethical because it studies animals in a way which doesn't affect their behaviour.

15 of 159

Use as a therapeutic device
P: Benefits to use animals as a form of psychological therapy, an ethical way
E: Animal __________ Therapy helps disturbed or socially isolated individuals

P: Benefits to use animals as a form of psychological therapy, an ethical way
E: Animal Assisted Therapy helps disturbed or socially isolated individuals

16 of 159

animal used as a 'behavioural __________' as the person learns appropriate ways to behave and communicate with the animal, these skills are __________ to interactions with people

animal used as a 'behavioural facilitator' as the person learns appropriate ways to behave and communicate with the animal, these skills are transferred to interactions with people

17 of 159

eg. person interacts with animal physically by _________ them, then move onto ______ interactions such as "sit". Where painful experiences are explored, the presence of an animal can make the environment less ______.

eg. person interacts with animal physically by petting them, then move onto verbal interactions such as "sit". Where painful experiences are explored, the presence of an animal can make the environment less tense.

18 of 159

EXT: ________ and ___ reviewed 28 studies into AAT and found all reported beneficial effects for people with _________ disorders and developmental disorders

EXT: Friedman and Son reviewed 28 studies into AAT and found all reported beneficial effects for people with emotional disorders and developmental disorders

19 of 159

E: Use of animals in research is developing beyond using them as ________. They also provide a great level of _______ to humans in society.

E: Use of animals in research is developing beyond using them as participants. They also provide a great level of support to humans in society.

20 of 159

P: Criticism of the quality of AAT research
E: ______ reviewed 14 studies of therapy involving horses and found methodological flaws such as small ______ sizes and no ______ groups. This doesn't allow for valid comparisons between benefits of AAT compared

P: Criticism of the quality of AAT research
E: Anestis reviewed 14 studies of therapy involving horses and found methodological flaws such as small sample sizes and no control groups. This doesn't allow for valid comparisons between benefits of AAT compar

21 of 159

E: More high quality evidence is needed into the ___________ of AAT beore it is widely used in _______ psychology

E: More high quality evidence is needed into the effectiveness of AAT before it is widely used in clinical psychology

22 of 159

BPS guidelines
P: Researchers have to adhere to the wider laws of animal research, and the guidelines of BPS, so these are ethical in protecting animals

P: Researchers have to adhere to the wider laws of animal research, and the guidelines of BPS, so these are ethical in protecting animals

23 of 159

E: Guidelines indicate "members of society are reminded of their general obligation to _____ or _______ discomfort to living animals"
- should be aware of animals past ___________, social animals should be provided with companions

E: Guidelines indicate "members of society are reminded of their general obligation to avoid or minimise discomfort to living animals"
- should be aware of animals past experiences, social animals should be provided with companions

24 of 159

- should be aware of current __________ governing animal use
- should seek to ______ animals with suitable alternatives, refine _________ to cause less suffering, ______ animals used (3Rs)

- should be aware of current legislation governing animal use
- should seek to replace animals with suitable alternatives, refine procedures to cause less suffering, reduce animals used (3Rs)

25 of 159

EXT: Animals ________ _________ Act 1986 requires research with non-human animals is only permitted by licensed researchers on licensed projects in licensed laboratories. Animal ______ Act 2022 recognises animals as sentient creatures

EXT: Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 requires research with non-human animals is only permitted by licensed researchers on licensed projects in licensed laboratories. Animal Welfare Act 2022 recognises animals as sentient creatures

26 of 159

E: Range of _________ and ____ that psychologists must adhere to protects the welfare of animals, so animal research is ethical

E: Range of guidelines and laws that psychologists must adhere to protects the welfare of animals, so animal research is ethical

27 of 159

P: BPS guidelines and laws aren't effective in protecting animals
E: _________ reviewed the 3Rs among studies. Only 59% referred to _______ of animals used in procedures, researchers aren't considering reducing animals or refining procedures

P: BPS guidelines and laws aren't effective in protecting animals
E: Kilkenny reviewed the 3Rs among studies. Only 59% referred to number of animals used in procedures, researchers aren't considering reducing animals or refining procedures

28 of 159

EXT: The Scientific Procedures Act doesn't apply to all animals, only __________ and _______
E: The guidelines may be good in principle but only if researchers are ___________ to following them.

EXT: The Scientific Procedures Act doesn't apply to all animals, only vertebrates and octopus
E: The guidelines may be good in principle but only if researchers are committed to following them.

29 of 159

Conclusion ideas:
- behavioural psychologists argue animal research is valuable because it suggests animals and humans learn in ________ ____.
- there are limits to how far we can _________ from animals to humans, so may have limited value

- behavioural psychologists argue animal research is valuable because it suggests animals and humans learn in similar ways
- there are limits to how far we can extrapolate from animals to humans, so may have limited value

30 of 159

- evidence supporting AAT in clinical psychology is __________
- legislation is changing in the UK to become more _____, but the enforcement of guidelines are not yet ________.

- evidence supporting AAT in clinical psychology is inconclusive
- legislation is changing in the UK to become more strict, but the enforcement of guidelines are not yet consistent.

31 of 159

Cultural bias - introduction
Psychology aims to provide _______ explanations of human behaviour. But historically, it's been guilty of culture bias. This is a form of ________ where one culture is seen as superior to another. Typically against non-_______

Psychology aims to provide universal explanations of human behaviour. But historically, it's been guilty of culture bias. This is a form of prejudice where one culture is seen as superior to another. Typically against non-Western cultures who are under/mi

32 of 159

Cultural difference
P: There are main differences between individualist and collectivist cultures
E: ______ and ______ (1995) did a literature review noting differences between these cultures in terms of subjective wellbeing (SWB)

P: There are main differences between individualist and collectivist cultures
E: Myers and Diener (1995) did a literature review noting differences between these cultures in terms of subjective wellbeing (SWB)

33 of 159

More people in __________ cultures report greater levels of SWB, demonstrating that this culture is more concerned with their personal _____ and individual ________ compared to the other culture.

More people in individualist cultures report greater levels of SWB, demonstrating that this culture is more concerned with their personal needs and individual happiness compared to the other culture.

34 of 159

EXT: _____ found African-American children score 15 points lower on average than white children on IQ tests. __% of the variation in IQ scores between black and white people is due to genetic factors. __% seen as environmental factors.

Jensen found African-American children score 15 points lower on average than white children on IQ tests. 80% of the variation in IQ scores between black and white people is due to genetic factors. 20% seen as environmental factors.

35 of 159

E: We should learn from diverse cultures and apply it to psychology. More recently, psychologists are moving away from ________'s cultural differences idea. Now evidence that there are larger _____________ differences than _____________ differences.

E: We should learn from diverse cultures and apply it to psychology. More recently, psychologists are moving away from Hofstede's cultural differences idea. Now evidence that there are larger intra-cultural differences than inter-cultural differences.

36 of 159

P: Cultural differences are bias in the way data is collected, not reflecting real differences between cultures
E: _____ and ______ (1995) - difference in the way SWB was measured

P: Cultural differences are bias in the way data is collected, not reflecting real differences between cultures
E: Myers and Diener (1995) - difference in the way SWB was measured

37 of 159

if a questionnaire was used in one of the studies, then this may have been based on ___________ assumptions of what SWB is, making __________ cultures appear different. This is alpha bias - differences are ___________.

if a questionnaire was used in one of the studies, then this may have been based on individualist assumptions of what SWB is, making collectivist cultures appear different. This is alpha bias - differences are exaggerated.

38 of 159

EXT: Jensens IQ tests are an example of ____ bias. He didn't consider cultural differences in the __________ used and type of intelligence gathered by black and white children. Therefore he wrongly highlighted __________ differences in IQ between the two

EXT: Jensens IQ tests are an example of beta bias. He didn't consider cultural differences in the language used and type of intelligence gathered by black and white children. Therefore he wrongly highlighted biological differences in IQ between the two gr

39 of 159

E: Cultural bias can have long lasting consequences for society such as reinforcing ______ and __________.

E: Cultural bias can have long lasting consequences for society such as reinforcing racism and discrimination.

40 of 159

Ethnocentrism
P: Overwhelming bias towards human behaviour theories reflecting Western research
E: Psychologists developed their understanding through ethnocentric __________ and research.

P: Overwhelming bias towards human behaviour theories reflecting Western research
E: Psychologists developed their understanding through ethnocentric textbooks and research.

41 of 159

Smith and Bond analysed a British textbook:
- __% of studies from North America
- __% of studies were European
- _% of studies from the rest of the world

Smith and Bond analysed a British textbook:
- 66% of studies from North America
- 32% of studies were European
- 2% of studies from the rest of the world

42 of 159

EXT: psychological findings are unrepresentative on a global scale AND within western culture. ________ suggests psychological knowledge is based on a weird population of westernised, educated people from rich ___________

EXT: psychological findings are unrepresentative on a global scale AND within western culture. Heinrich suggests psychological knowledge is based on a weird population of westernised, educated people from rich democracies

43 of 159

E: Psychology may claim to understand human behaviour but actually, may only really understand it within a small section of the ___________

E: Psychology may claim to understand human behaviour but actually, may only really understand it within a small section of the population.

44 of 159

P: Steps have been taking to reduce ethnocentrism in psychology
E: Behaviour and attitudes of each culture is being viewed as equally worth of ______ (cutural relativism).

P: Steps have been taking to reduce ethnocentrism in psychology
E: Behaviour and attitudes of each culture is being viewed as equally worth of respect (cutural relativism).

45 of 159

Research is now carried out from within the _______ being studied, rather than a British/American psychologist going into the culture and studying it from their ___________ viewpoint

Research is now carried out from within the culture being studied, rather than a British/American psychologist going into the culture and studying it from their ethnocentric viewpoint

46 of 159

E: A way to overcome ethnocentrism is to conduct _____-________ research.

E: A way to overcome ethnocentrism is to conduct cross-cultural research.

47 of 159

Cross cultural studies
P: Useful in determining whether a particular behaviour is univeral or varies between cultures
E: _____ used questionnaires on 10047 ppts from 37 cultures

P: Useful in determining whether a particular behaviour is univeral or varies between cultures
E: Buss used questionnaires on 10047 ppts from 37 cultures

48 of 159

females want to form relationships with males who are _______ and have good _________ prospects so he can provide for her and children. Males attracted to females who are _____ and ______.

females want to form relationships with males who are ambitious and have good financial prospects so he can provide for her and children. Males attracted to females who are young and fertile.

49 of 159

This was the same across different cultures, suggesting we are biologically determined to look for a ___________ mate, supporting the ___________ explanation of relationship formation.

This was the same across different cultures, suggesting we are biologically determined to look for a reproductive mate, supporting the evolutionary explanation of relationship formation.

50 of 159

EXT: SZ diagnosis rates are consistently higher in experiences of ________ and ____________ than those who remain in their home nation. Suggesting the stress of being in a minority group in a new country is a factor in SZ.

EXT: SZ diagnosis rates are consistently higher in experiences of migration and marginalisation than those who remain in their home nation. Suggesting the stress of being in a minority group in a new country is a factor in SZ.

51 of 159

E: These studies are a good way to help us understand what is _____ about human behaviour eg. sexual behaviour is the same in each culture. Helps us understand what is determined by ____________ eg. migration and SZ rates

E: These studies are a good way to help us understand what is innate about human behaviour eg. sexual behaviour is the same in each culture. Helps us understand what is determined by environment eg. migration and SZ rates

52 of 159

P: Cross cultural studies may not give useful insight into behaviours across cultures
E: ____ acknowledges that rural and less educated people were under represented in his sample. Just because he used a cross cultural sampling frame doesn't mean it's ___

P: Cross cultural studies may not give useful insight into behaviours across cultures
E: Buss acknowledges that rural and less educated people were under represented in his sample. Just because he used a cross cultural sampling frame doesn't mean it's rep

53 of 159

EXT: Care must be taken not to assume that people from a culture actually represent the _____ of their culture (ecological fallacy). Eg. a person from the UK may be selfess, more like those from ___________ cultures rather than the _____________ culture t

EXT: Care must be taken not to assume that people from a culture actually represent the norms of their culture (ecological fallacy). Eg. a person from the UK may be selfess, more like those from collectivist cultures rather than the individualist culture

54 of 159

E: In order to get useful insights into similarities and differences in behaviour of different cultures, care must be put into the selection of ________ ____________ ppts.

E: In order to get useful insights into similarities and differences in behaviour of different cultures, care must be put into the selection of culturally representative ppts.

55 of 159

Historical and social context of cultural bias
P: Research may only tell us about behaviour in the specific era and social group it was carried out
E: ______'s research on effects of maternal deprivation was carried out in the UK in 1944.

P: Research may only tell us about behaviour in the specific era and social group it was carried out
E: Bowlby's research on effects of maternal deprivation was carried out in the UK in 1944.

56 of 159

However family ________ and ________ has changed since then, so his findings have little relevance in contemporary British society

However family structure and childcare has changed since then, so his findings have little relevance in contemporary British society

57 of 159

EXT: Freud's contributions are now seen as sexist and unscientific. His penis envy concept made sense when we lived in a society where males were __________ and females had little access to important ___.

EXT: Freud's contributions are now seen as sexist and unscientific. His penis envy concept made sense when we lived in a society where males were dominant and females had little access to important roles.

58 of 159

E: Psychology must continue to revisit areas of human behaviour and ensure that our understanding is ______ to reflect behaviour in current _______.

E: Psychology must continue to revisit areas of human behaviour and ensure that our understanding is updated to reflect behaviour in current context.

59 of 159

P: Research and theory from the past may seem irrelevant and outdated, but we must give credit where its due
E: Bowlby contributed to extended _______ hours for patients who's children may be in hospital for prolonged periods

P: Research and theory from the past may seem irrelevant and outdated, but we must give credit where its due
E: Bowlby contributed to extended visiting hours for patients who's children may be in hospital for prolonged periods

60 of 159

EXT: Freud was the _______ of modern psychology. He was among the first to suggest problems in adulthood can be understood by exploring childhood ___________, and that we can use ______ therapies to treat people.

EXT: Freud was the founder of modern psychology. He was among the first to suggest problems in adulthood can be understood by exploring childhood experiences, and that we can use talking therapies to treat people.

61 of 159

E: May be easy to dismiss older research as they are culturally bias today, but much of psychology is based on these principles so it therefore still has ______.

E: May be easy to dismiss older research as they are culturally bias today, but much of psychology is based on these principles so it therefore still has value.

62 of 159

Conclusion ideas:
- ethnocentrism may be inevitable. We are shaped by our cultural __________, therefore studying humans as humans our views will naturally impact our theories, resulting in other cultures being ____________.

- ethnocentrism may be inevitable. We are shaped by our cultural experiences, therefore studying humans as humans our views will naturally impact our theories, resulting in other cultures being misrepresented.

63 of 159

- new cultures must be researched, the impact of __________ means there are new types of norms
- psychology has a duty to be ___________, relevant, and ______.

- new cultures must be researched, the impact of technology means there are new types of norms
- psychology has a duty to be representative, relevant, and inclusive.

64 of 159

Sexism introduction:
Psychology aims to provide _______ explanations of human behaviour. Historically psychology has been guilty of sexism. Sexism is a form of prejudice, or _________ where one sex is superior to another.

Psychology aims to provide universal explanations of human behaviour. Historically psychology has been guilty of sexism. Sexism is a form of prejudice or discrimination where one sex is superior to another. Typically against women who are underrepresenten

65 of 159

P: Weakness is that gender differences in traditional psychology have been exaggerated by psychologists due to andocentrism
E: Freud's theory of __________ development - during the phallic stage boys experience the ______ complex (experiencing castration)

P: Weakness is that gender differences in traditional psychology have been exaggerated by psychologists due to andocentrism
E: Freud's theory of psychosexual development - during the phallic stage boys experience the oedipus complex (experiencing castrati

66 of 159

and girls experience the _____ complex (experiencing from 'penis envy). According to Freud this leads males to develop a stronger ______ (sense of right and wrong) whereas females develop a weaker _______.

and girls experience the electra complex (experiencing from 'penis envy). According to Freud this leads males to develop a stronger superego (sense of right and wrong) whereas females develop a weaker superego.

67 of 159

Therefore females are viewed as morally inferior and more prone to _______ due to not experiencing the same psychological challenges as males. It can be argued that this is an example of _____ bias (exaggeration) rather than genuine differences because ev

Therefore females are viewed as morally inferior and more prone to temptation due to not experiencing the same psychological challenges as males. It can be argued that this is an example of alpha bias (exaggeration) rather than genuine differences because

68 of 159

_______ (1975) reviewed studies of moral behaviour in which the tendency of children to do what they had been told not to was assessed. Boys and girls did not differ in terms of morality/resisting _______ in most of the studies.

Hoffman (1975) reviewed studies of moral behaviour in which the tendency of children to do what they had been told not to was assessed. Boys and girls did not differ in terms of morality/resisting temptation in most of the studies

69 of 159

EXTENSION: EVIDENCE: ________ research into moral reasoning - His stage theory was based on research with only ______ (androcentric sample). Nevertheless, the theory was then applied to both men and women assuming it had universal relevance.

EXTENSION: EVIDENCE: Kohlberg's research into moral reasoning - His stage theory was based on research with only males (androcentric sample). Nevertheless, the theory was then applied to both men and women assuming it had universal relevance.

70 of 159

Kohlberg is accused of ____ bias as he did not take into account female moral reasoning. Girls and women were overlooked. _______ (1977) highlighted _____ bias in both the methodology (the scenarios used) and sample.

Kohlberg is accused of beta bias as he did not take into account female moral reasoning. Girls and women were overlooked. Gilligan (1977) highlighted beta bias in both the methodology (the scenarios used) and sample.

71 of 159

She argued that Kohlberg had focussed too much on the morality of ______ (which males use more) and had overlooked the morality of ____ (which females use more). Such research ignores and devalues the female perspective.

She argued that Kohlberg had focussed too much on the morality of justice (which males use more) and had overlooked the morality of care (which females use more). Such research ignores and devalues the female perspective.

72 of 159

E: The sexism evident in such traditional theories/ research in psychology is a serious issue. It has potentially long lasting negative consequences for society in terms of reinforcing sexist _________ (females being inferior/weaker) and leading to ______

The sexism evident in such traditional theories/ research in psychology is a serious issue. It has potentially long lasting negative consequences for society in terms of reinforcing sexist stereotypes (females being inferior/weaker) and leading to distort

73 of 159

POINT: Strength is that some of the most extreme examples of sexism are from a long time ago (in traditional psychology). Modern research in psychology is trying to establish which ______ gender differences truly exist in human behaviour.

POINT: Some of the most extreme examples of sexism are from a long time ago (in traditional psychology). Modern research in psychology is trying to establish which genuine gender differences truly exist in human behaviour.

74 of 159

EVIDENCE: The human stress response has been typically characterised as _____ or _____. However, recently, ______ et al (2000) argued that the female response to stress of 'tend and befriend' was originally overlooked.

EVIDENCE: The human stress response has been typically characterised as fight or flight. However, recently, Taylor et al (2000) argued that the female response to stress of 'tend and befriend' was originally overlooked.

75 of 159

Her research found females respond to stress by nurturing _______, protecting and affiliating with social groups to reduce risk - indicating males and females have different ______ mechanisms in times of stress.

Her research found females respond to stress by nurturing offspring, protecting and affiliating with social groups to reduce risk - indicating males and females have different coping mechanisms in times of stress.

76 of 159

This suggests that traditional theories of the stress response which focussed on '_____ or ______' overlooked important female behaviours of reaching out to others

This suggests that traditional theories of the stress response which focussed on 'fight or flight' overlooked important female behaviours of reaching out to others

77 of 159

EXTENSION: Daphne ____ et al (2015) an advocate for neurofeminism has recently disputed the long held stereotype that male brains are better at _________ and ______ tasks. Found no evidence of a cluster of features unique to males or females.

EXTENSION: Daphne Joel et al (2015) an advocate for neurofeminism has recently disputed the long held stereotype that male brains are better at mathematical and spatial tasks. Found no evidence of a cluster of features unique to males or females.

78 of 159

Her conclusion was that there is no scientific evidence of a 'male or 'Female' brain and to continue to believe such would be an example of '__________'
EXPLAIN: Feminist psychologists argue that the issue of sexism is improving.

Her conclusion was that there is no scientific evidence of a 'male or 'Female' brain and to continue to believe such would be an example of 'neurosexism'.
EXPLAIN: Feminist psychologists argue that the issue of sexism is improving.

79 of 159

Flawed theories/research are now being challenged and exposed across many different fields in psychology; ______, _________ and in neuro_____-. However we recognise in modern psychology this issue is complex and controversial.

Flawed theories/research are now being challenged and exposed across many different fields in psychology; social, biological and in neuroscience. However we recognise in modern psychology this issue is complex and controversial.

80 of 159

The world is no longer simply divided into males and females but equally values and recognises non-______. Therefore this 'gender difference discussion in psychology needs to be ______, in a respectful and sophisticated way!

The world is no longer simply divided into males and females but equally values and recognises non-binary. Therefore this 'gender difference discussion in psychology needs to be updated, in a respectful and sophisticated way!

81 of 159

POINT: In psychology, there is an overwhelming bias towards theories of human behaviour that reflect research being carried out on _________. Heterosexism has led to an devaluing of different sexual orientations.....

POINT: In psychology, there is an overwhelming bias towards theories of human behaviour reflect research being carried out on heterosexuals. Heterosexism has led to an devaluing of different sexual orientations.....

82 of 159

along with the presumption that _______-sex attractions and relationships are the norm and therefore superior.
E: Buss (1989) focuses on sexual selection based on the likelihood of reproductive success - men seek a ______ female partner.

along with the presumption that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the norm and therefore superior.
E: Buss (1989) focuses on sexual selection based on the likelihood of reproductive success - men seek a fertile female partner.

83 of 159

Women seek a male who can provide ________ to allow her to reproduce successfully. This research may perpetuate biased stereotypes of 'normal' mate selection based solely on __________.

Women seek a mate who can provide resources to allow her to reproduce successfully. This research may perpetuate biased stereotypes of 'normal' mate selection based solely on reproducing.

84 of 159

EXT: In the past psychology has not only been involved in theoretical discrimination and prejudice in research but also in harmful and sexist therapies applied to 'cure' ________. In the 1950s and 1960s some therapists employed aversion therapy to 'cure'

EXT: In the past psychology has not only been involved in theoretical discrimination and prejudice in research but also in harmful and sexist therapies applied to 'cure' homosexuality. In the 1950s and 1960s some therapists employed aversion therapy to 'c

85 of 159

This typically involved showing patients pictures of naked men while giving them ______ _____ or _____ to make them vomit. Needless to say, these cruel and degrading methods proved entirely ineffective

This typically involved showing patients pictures of naked men while giving them electric shocks or drugs to make them vomit. Needless to say, these cruel and degrading methods proved entirely ineffective.

86 of 159

EXPLAIN: Psychology may claim to understand all aspects of human behaviour but actually, may only really understand this behaviour within a small ________ of the population.

Although it may be argued this is not simply a reflection of sexism in psychology, rather it is reflecting hetrosexism in society.

87 of 159

In England and Wales, The Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalised ________ acts in private. Homosexuality was removed from the DSM (where it was considered a mental health disorder) in 1973.

In England and Wales, The Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalised homosexual acts in private. Homosexuality was removed from the DSM (where it was considered a mental health disorder) in 1973. Therefore heterosexism in psychology needs to be understood in

88 of 159

POINT: Strength is that steps have been taken to reduce heterosexism in psychology. Professional organisations are challenging _______ heterosexist views and research in psychology

POINT: Steps have been taken to reduce heterosexism in psychology. Professional organisations are challenging outdated heterosexist views and research in psychology

89 of 159

EVIDENCE: The British Psychological Society has a Psychology of ________ Section which aims to provide an integrative forum for those involved in research, teaching and applied work in the UK.

EVIDENCE: The British Psychological Society has a Psychology of Sexualities Section which aims to provide an integrative forum for those involved in research, teaching and applied work in the UK.

90 of 159

EXPLAIN: Research is still socially sensitive, ongoing and socially and politically much needed. Psychology still arguably has a duty to challenge discrimination and prejudice against _____+ individuals. Researchers should represent these groups if psycho

EXPLAIN: Research is still socially sensitive, ongoing and socially and politically much needed. Psychology still arguably has a duty to challenge discrimination and prejudice against LGBTQ + individuals. Researchers should represent these groups if psych

91 of 159

However, addressing heterosexism may be challenging where homosexuality is still ______ or even ______ (it is punishable by death in Saudi Arabia and Iran), meaning non-heterosexual people in certain cultures will continue to be invisible in psychology.

However, addressing heterosexism may be challenging where homosexuality is still taboo or even illegal (it is punishable by death in Saudi Arabia and Iran), meaning non-heterosexual people in certain cultures will continue to be invisible in psychology.

92 of 159

POINT: Weakness is that traditionally women have been _______ as researchers, participants throughout the whole research process in psychology (including from forming hypotheses to publishing research).

POINT: Traditionally women have been invisible as researchers, participants throughout the whole research process in psychology (including from forming hypotheses to publishing research).

93 of 159

EVIDENCE: Women invisible as respected researchers. For example in the American Psychological Association 'Top 100 most eminent psychologists of the __th century published in 2002 only _ women were featured.

EVIDENCE: Women invisible as respected researchers. For example in the American Psychological Association 'Top 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century published in 2002 only 6 women were featured.

94 of 159

The highest ranking woman in the list of the 100 most influential psychologists of the 20th century is Elizabeth Loftus at only __th! Some may suggest that her research is in cognitive psychology, one of the more '____-preferred' areas. So males are more

The highest ranking woman in the list of the 100 most influential psychologists of the 20th century is Elizabeth Loftus at only 58th! Some may suggest that her research is in cognitive psychology, one of the more 'male-preferred' areas. So males are more

95 of 159

EXTENSION: Women invisible as participants. There are examples of androcentric samples such as the sample used by _______. Many famous studies in psychology used only ____ participants and generalised the results to women.

EXTENSION: Women invisible as participants: There are examples of androcentric samples such as the sample used by Kohlberg. Many famous studies in psychology used only male participants and generalised the results to women.

96 of 159

E: The invisibility of women in psychology is part of a wider problem of the invisibility of women in other areas of ______ . The under-representation of women in other ____ subjects highlights a need to take a critical look at psychology as part of a wid

E: the invisibility of women in psychology is part of a wider problem of the invisibility of women in other areas of science, The under-representation of women in other STEM subjects highlights a need to take a critical look at psychology as part of a wid

97 of 159

POINT: Strength is that women are now much more visible in all aspects of psychology, as researchers, participants. EVIDENCE: More females are visibly attaining higher level _________ and potentially becoming the psychologists of the future

POINT: Strength is that women are now much more visible in all aspects of psychology, as researchers, participants. EVIDENCE: More females are visibly attaining higher level qualifications and potentially becoming the psychologists of the future

98 of 159

The numbers are showing progress. The American Psychological Association (APA) reports that in 1950 only __._% of doctoral degrees were awarded to women. In 2002 that figure was __._%.

The numbers are showing progress. The American Psychological Association (APA) reports that in 1950 only 14.8% of doctoral degrees were awarded to women. In 2002 that figure was 66.7%.

99 of 159

In 2020 the BPS indicated that __% of psychology undergraduates and students of clinical and educational psychology were female. EXTENSION: the BPS has a psychology of women section and it has more visibility such as _____ feminist psychology.

In 2020 the BPS indicated that 80% of psychology undergraduates and students of clinical and educational psychology were female. EXTENSION: the BPS has a psychology of women section and it has more visibility such as black feminist psychology.

100 of 159

EXPLAIN: It is argued women now have equality and more visibility in psychology. Equal opportunities _________ and feminist psychology have performed valuable functions in reducing instances of invisibility of women and gender bias.

EXPLAIN: It is argued women now have equality and more visibility in psychology. Equal opportunities legislation and feminist psychology have performed valuable functions in hopefully reducing instances of invisibility of women and gender bias.

101 of 159

However, it may be that many women in psychology still find it challenging for their work to be _____. Many argue that some areas of psychology have had a higher ______ than others e.g. cognitive.

However, it may be that many women in psychology still find it challenging for their work to be visible. Many argue that some areas of psychology have had a higher profile than others e.g. cognitive.

102 of 159

Meaning that females that have been encouraged to research more ______ topics, find their research may be less high ______, less widely ________, less valued and praised.

Meaning that females that have been encouraged to research more 'female topics, find their research may be less high profile, less widely published, less valued and praised.

103 of 159

POINT: A weakness is that sexism is not new nor is it restricted _________ . Sexism has permeated society in the past and arguably still remains today. As long as there is sexism in ______, it is inevitable there will be sexism in psychology.

POINT: Sexism is not new nor is it restricted to psychology. Sexism has permeated society in the past and arguably still remains today. As long as there is sexism in society, it is inevitable there will be sexism in psychology.

104 of 159

EVIDENCE: It is often assumed that it is men limiting the ________ and undervaluing the __________ of women, however it is not just men. Mondshein et al in 2000 asked mothers to predict how successful their babies would be at a crawling task.

EVIDENCE: It is often assumed that it is men limiting the aspirations and undervaluing the achievements of women, however it is not just men. Mondshein et al in 2000 asked mothers to predict how successful their babies would be at a crawling task.

105 of 159

There were no actual gender differences in crawling yet mothers had lower expectations for _____. This suggests sexism may be ingrained from an early ___ in society.

There were no actual gender differences in crawling yet mothers had lower expectations for girls. This suggests sexism may be ingrained from an early age in society.

106 of 159

EXTENSION -Yale University showed that even scientists who are known for their ability to look at data and make objective decisions, evaluated ___ as more able than ______ , despite them having identical ___________.

EXTENSION - Yale University showed that even scientists who are known for their ability to look at data and make objective decisions, evaluated men as more able than women, despite them having identical qualifications.

107 of 159

Racusin et al (2012) sent job applications for a lab manager position out to academics. '_______' was perceived as less competent than '____'. They assessed ____ as significantly more competent than _______ and offered them a higher salary and better car

Racusin et al (2012) sent job applications for a lab manager position out to academics. 'Jennifer' was perceived as less competent than 'John'. They assessed John as significantly more competent than Jennifer and offered him a higher salary and better ca

108 of 159

EXPLAIN: It is now widely appreciated that traditional theories/research by influential psychologists such as ____ are outdated as they reflect _____ historical attitudes towards women.

EXPLAIN: It is now widely appreciated that traditional theories/research by influential psychologists such as Freud are outdated as they reflect sexist historical attitudes towards women.

109 of 159

Unfortunately, all of these more recent examples show that ______ still exists in society and therefore will continue to filter through into science and psychology

Unfortunately, all of these more recent examples show that sexism still exists in society and therefore will continue to filter through into science and psychology

110 of 159

By discussing this issue psychology is helping to highlight that such sexism is unacceptable in both ______ and the scientific study of the human ____ and _________.

By discussing this issue psychology is helping to highlight that such sexism is unacceptable in both society and the scientific study of the human mind and behaviour.

111 of 159

POINT: A strength is that attitudes towards women in society and science have undoubtedly changed and some progress is being made.

112 of 159

E: Miller 2015 analysed drawings from all Draw-A-Scientist studies conducted from the mid-eighties onwards, reporting that in an impressive sample of over _,000 children, only __% saw scientists as men

Miller 2015 analysed drawings from all Draw-A-Scientist studies conducted from the mid-eighties onwards, reporting that in an impressive sample of over 7,000 children, only 60% saw scientists as men

113 of 159

EXTENSION: supporting gender differences that society needs to recognise: Women are _x as likely to experience depression in their life. Men are _x as likely to become alcoholic or drug-dependent and __% more likely to develop schizophrenia.

EXTENSION: supporting gender differences that society needs to recognise: Women are 2x as likely to experience depression in their life. Men are 2x s likely to become alcoholic or drug-dependent, and 40% more likely to develop schizophrenia.

114 of 159

Psychological research needs to continue to investigate whether these are real gender differences, or due to the way we _______, _______ and treat males and females in a sexist society.

Psychological research needs to continue to investigate whether these are real gender differences, or due to the way we socialise, diagnose and treat males and females in a sexist society.

115 of 159

EXPLAIN: It could be argued that there have been real steps taken to try to address sexism. This is reflected in changing _______ and the awareness of the need to establish ______ sex differences in behaviours, rather than socially constructed ones.

EXPLAIN: It could be argued that there have been real, practical steps taken to try to address sexism. This is reflected in changing attitudes and the awareness of the need to establish genuine sex differences in behaviours, rather than socially construct

116 of 159

Conclusion ideas:
- Psychology has a duty to keep investigating. We must call out _________. Gender stereotypes still exist, psychologists need to challenge these and establish real gender differences not those created via _________

Psychology has a duty to keep investigating. We must call out androcentrism/ Gender stereotypes still exist, psychologists to challenge these and establish real gender differences not those created via stereotypes.

117 of 159

- there is increasing concern about violence against women, _______ , rising numbers of male ______ , reports of homophobia and transphobia. Psychology has an ethical duty to be the science that is _______ and progressive.

- there is increasing concern about violence against women, misogyny, rising numbers of male suicides, reports of homophobia and transphobia. Psychology has an ethical duty to be the science that is inclusive and progressive.

118 of 159

- whether women are still undervalued in psychology is questionable. Report published in 2017 from the APA's Committee on Women in Psychology, as women psychologists entering the workforce, are paid on average $__,___ less than men!

whether women are still undervalued in psychology is questionable. report published in 2017 from the APA's Committee on Women in Psychology, as women psychologists entering the workforce, are paid on average $20,000 less than men!

119 of 159

Ethical costs of conducting research introduction:
Ethical issues are controversial because there is a conflict between the needs of the _________ to produce research that benefits society and the needs of ________ who have the right to be treated fairly.

Ethical issues are controversial because there is a conflict between the needs of the participants to produce research that benefits society and the needs of participants who have the right to be treated fairly.

120 of 159

P: A weakness is that ethical issues in psychological research are controversial because there is a conflict between the needs of the researchers to produce research that benefits ______ and the needs of the ppts who have the right to be _______ fairly.

P: A weakness is that ethical issues in psychological research are controversial because there is a conflict between the needs of the researchers to produce research that benefits society and the needs of the ppts who have the right to be treated fairly.

121 of 159

E: _______ obedience study, ppts told the study was about the effects of punishment on memory so they were _______. It involved psychological harm because ppts believed they were giving _______ to another ppt.

E: Milgram's obedience study, ppts told the study was about the effects of punishment on memory so they were deceived. It involved psychological harm because ppts believed they were giving shocks to another ppt.

122 of 159

They were deceived further because as the other ppt was really a ________. Physical distress caused with ________, trembling, and even full blown ______. There was no informed consent to take part.

They were deceived further because as the other ppt was really a confederate. Physical distress caused with sweating, trembling, and even full blown seizures. There was no informed consent to take part.

123 of 159

EXT: _______ and ______ study can be criticised for psychological harm. They created a potential life long fear response in an infant and prevented him from ________ himself by sucking his thumb. They didn't ______ Albert's mum or return him to his orgina

EXT: Watson's and Rayner's study can be criticised for psychological harm. They created a potential life long fear response in an infant and prevented him from calming himself by sucking his thumb. They didn't debrief Albert's mum or return him to his org

124 of 159

E: Psychology has failed its duty of ____ to ppts. Research as discussed could damage the _________ of psychology and therefore _____ people from wanting to be ppts due to the fear of ethical issues eg. deceived, harm, etc.

E: Psychology has failed its duty of care to ppts. Research as discussed could damage the reputation of psychology and therefore deter people from wanting to be ppts due to the fear of ethical issues eg. deceived, harm, etc.

125 of 159

P: A strength is that an outsider may look at the research and deem it unethical, but if the ppts involved report a _______ experience then the research can be ruled ethical

P: A strength is that an outsider may look at the research and deem it unethical, but if the ppts involved report a positive experience then the research can be ruled ethical

126 of 159

E: Milgram's study - __% of ppts said they were glad to have participated, __% said they'd learnt something of personal importance, _._% said they were sorry to have participated. '______' gained the confidence to come out as a gay man

E: Milgram's study - 84% of ppts said they were glad to have participated, 74% said they'd learnt something of personal importance, 1.3% said they were sorry to have participated. 'Jacob' gained the confidence to come out as a gay man

127 of 159

EXT: Watson and Rayner defend the ethics of their study. The harm Albert experienced was no more than in everyday '______' and '______.' They did intend to _________ Albert but his mother removed him from the hospital before they could.

EXT: Watson and Rayner defend the ethics of their study. The harm Albert experienced was no more than in everyday 'rough' and 'tumble.' They did intend to decondition Albert but his mother removed him from the hospital before they could.

128 of 159

E: These are examples of the most unethical research in psychology. However these judgements must be based on the feedback of the ppts during the _______. The research must have not been harmful if ppts were _______ to participate.

E: These are examples of the most unethical research in psychology. However these judgements must be based on the feedback of the ppts during the debrief. The research must have not been harmful if ppts were happy to participate.

129 of 159

P: A strength is the benefits to society including an increased understanding and awareness of an issue. Leading to applications such as mental health ____________ and treatments, or schemes to improve __________ and work

P: Benefits to society include an increased understanding and awareness of an issue. Leading to applications such as mental health interventions and treatments, or schemes to improve education and work

130 of 159

E: ______ research into emotional wellbeing of children. Changes to social policy - carers for young children are encouraged to provide ________ care and develop __________ to children.

Bowlby's research into emotional wellbeing of children. Changes to social policy - carers for young children are encouraged to provide emotional care and develop attachments to children.

131 of 159

This is a change from the old system where they were distant authority figures who kept children _____ and ___, but offered little engagement. In nurseries there are rules on low ____:____ to ensure each child receives sufficient care

This is a change from the old system where they were distant authority figures who kept children safe and fed, but offered little engagement. In nurseries there are rules on low staff:child to ensure each child receives sufficient care

132 of 159

In hopsitals where children stay for a long time, they can have their _______ stay with them, rather than restricted ________ hours like before. This is due to a disruption of the ______-____ attachment.

In hopsitals where children stay for a long time, they can have their parents stay with them, rather than restricted visiting hours like before. This is due to a disruption of the parent-child attachment.

133 of 159

EXT: ______ and ______ highlighted the unreliable nature of EWT which poses a threat to the safety of society. This has lead to Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) offering a code of _______ carrying out identification attempts.

EXT: Loftus and Palmer highlighted the unreliable nature of EWT which poses a threat to the safety of society. This has lead to Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) offering a code of practice carrying out identification attempts.

134 of 159

An example of a code of practice is prohibiting _______ questions to be asked, which should make EWT more accurate and reduce wrongful ___________.

An example of a code of practice is prohibiting leading questions to be asked, which should make EWT more accurate and reduce wrongful convictions.

135 of 159

E: There should be an ongoing assessment of ______ and _______, the way psychology currently does this is too short-sighted, the consideraton of long-term implications for society should be considered.

E: There should be an ongoing assessment of costs and benefits, the way psychology currently does this is too short-sighted, the consideraton of long-term implications for society should be considered.

136 of 159

P: A strength is the benefits of research can improve the economy
E: ______ - the changes to social policy and childcare reduces cases of maternal _________ which could reduce deviant acts and CB.

P: A strength is the benefits of research can improve the economy
E: Bowlby - the changes to social policy and childcare reduces cases of maternal deprivation which could reduce deviant acts and CB.

137 of 159

The UK spends in excess of £__ billion a year dealing with offending, therefore reducing behaviour can reduce the cost.

The UK spends in excess of £50 billion a year dealing with offending, therefore reducing behaviour can reduce the cost.

138 of 159

EXT: ______ and ______ EWT study has benefits in terms of the cost of re-trials to overturn convictions and provide ___________ for the wrongly convicted. The maximum amount of ___________ payable is £1 million. Study reduces unreliability of EWT, so redu

EXT: benefits in terms of the cost of re-trials to overturn convictions and provide compensation for the wrongly convicted. The maximum amount of compensation payable is £1 million. Study reduces unreliability of EWT, so reduces this cost.

139 of 159

E: Psychological research can contribute to changes in society, which then lowers the cost to _________ in terms of improvements to institutions eg. health and social care, ______ system

E: Psychological research can contribute to changes in society, which then lowers the cost to taxpayers in terms of improvements to institutions eg. health and social care, justice system

140 of 159

P: A weakness is that socially sensitive research findings can promote discrimination
E: ______ was concerned that his findings were not to be misinterpreted to label people with brain disorders as _________, or view brain scans as a way of _________ viol

P: A weakness is that socially sensitive research findings can promote discrimination
E: Raine was concerned that his findings were not to be misinterpreted to label people with brain disorders as dangerous, or view brain scans as a way of diagnosing viol

141 of 159

EXT: ______ IQ tests were used to give scientific credibility to already racist segregation policies in America. This was used to justify the separation of education for black and white children as it proved black children were less __________ and not wor

EXT: Jensen's IQ tests were used to give scientific credibility to already racist segregation policies in America. This was used to justify the separation of education for black and white children as it proved black children were less intelligent and not

142 of 159

E: Certain areas of psychological research has the potential to have negative ____________ for certain groups within society. Eg. research into race may fuel racism

E: Certain areas of psychological research has the potential to have negative consequences for certain groups within society. Eg. research into race may fuel racism

143 of 159

P: A weakness is that not conducting psychological research can have potential negative consequences to society.
E: ______ findings may affect our punishment systems.

P: A weakness is that not conducting psychological research can have potential negative consequences to society.
E: Raine's findings may affect our punishment systems.

144 of 159

If violence is related to brain activity then its unlikely prison alone will ________ offenders. It could mean that they just transfer their violence into ______ settings, posing a risk to staff and ________.

If violence is related to brain activity then its unlikely prison alone will rehabilitate offenders. It could mean that they just transfer their violence into prison settings, posing a risk to staff and prisoners.

145 of 159

His research has suggested alternative interventions and _________ programmes may be needed for violent offenders with brain dysfunction, this would have been missed if the research hadn't been conducted.

His research has suggested alternative interventions and rehabilitation programmes may be needed for violent offenders with brain dysfunction, this would have been missed if the research hadn't been conducted.

146 of 159

EXT: ______ work criticised that IQ tests were biased towards white people in terms of questions asked and language used. So Robert ________ developed the ***** test, using questions and language relevant to ______ _________ culture.

EXT: Jensen's work criticised that IQ tests were biased towards white people in terms of questions asked and language used. So Robert Williams developed the ***** test, using questions and language relevant to African American culture.

147 of 159

Using this test, ______ children performed much better, demonstrating that tests used to measure IQ could be _______ towards white people. Had _______ not published this research, the bias in IQ tests may never have been challenged.

Using this test, black children performed much better, demonstrating that tests used to measure IQ could be biased towards white people. Had Jensen's not published this research, the bias in IQ tests may never have been challenged.

148 of 159

E: Argued that ignoring these topics is avoidance of ___________, psychologists have a duty to conduct research. Therefore should aim to reduce the likelihood of ______ of data. Should be aware their research results may lead to ____________.

E: Argued that ignoring these topics is avoidance of responsibility, psychologists have a duty to conduct research. Therefore should aim to reduce the likelihood of misuse of data. Should be aware their research results may lead to discrimination.

149 of 159

P: A strength is that psychologists have techniques to reduce the risk of harm their study may cause
E: BPS published guidelines for ethical research. They are based on _______, __________, __________, and _______.

P: A strength is that psychologists have techniques to reduce the risk of harm their study may cause
E: BPS published guidelines for ethical research. They are based on respect, competence, responsibility, and integrity.

150 of 159

The guidelines also give specific advice on particular research methods eg. ___ studies and observations. There are specific guidelines supporting psychologists working with ______.

The guidelines also give specific advice on particular research methods eg. lab studies and observations. There are specific guidelines supporting psychologists working with animals.

151 of 159

Studies first have to be assessed by an ethics _________. This is a panel of experts who examine proposals for research and decide whether studies should go ahead. They weigh up potential _______ against potential ethical _____.

Studies first have to be assessed by an ethics committee. This is a panel of experts who examine proposals for research and decide whether studies should go ahead. They weigh up potential benefits against potential ethical costs.

152 of 159

They suggest ___________ to the researcher to reduce ethical risks. If a psychologist were to behave unethically, they may be ________ from practicing psychology and their research wouldn't be published. This discourages other psychologists from being une

They suggest impovements to the researcher to reduce ethical risks. If a psychologist were to behave unethically, they may be banned from practicing psychology and their research wouldn't be published. This discourages other psychologists from being uneth

153 of 159

E: Guidelines. committees, and risk management techniques reduce the number of ________ questionable studies. They reflect clear standards such as Human _____ Act which is of great importance to society.

E: Guidelines. committees, and risk management techniques reduce the number of ethically questionable studies. They reflect clear standards such as Human Rights Act which is of great importance to society.

154 of 159

The use of these systems allow accurate ____-______ analysis. The Code of Human Research Ethics is recently ________ to reflect and acknowledge the unique nature of research.

The use of these systems allow accurate cost-benefit analysis. The Code of Human Research Ethics is recently updated to reflect and acknowledge the unique nature of research.

155 of 159

P: Weaknesses identified in guidelines and committees, means they may not be effective at ensuring ethical issues are fully dealt with.
E: Guidelines are _________ (hard to quantify harm and respect),

P: Weaknesses identified in guidelines and committees, means they may not be effective at ensuring ethical issues are fully dealt with.
E: Guidelines are ambiguous (hard to quantify harm and respect),

156 of 159

_________ (acceptable levels of harm are based on each researcher's opinion), _____-_____ (aren't legally enforceable but there are sanctions), too ________ (prevents the research of important issues because risky research is often the most insightful)

sujective (acceptable levels of harm are based on each researcher's opinion), quasi-legal (aren't legally enforceable but there are sanctions), too restrictive (prevents the research of important issues because risky research is often the most insightful)

157 of 159

With committees, it's too difficult to predict the eventual _____ and _______ research may have.
E: Psychologists may face the double __________ dilemma as they are responsible in protecting ppts welfare but also need to conduct meaningful research for so

With committees, it's too difficult to predict the eventual costs and benefits research may have.
E: Psychologists may face the double obligation dilemma as they are responsible in protecting ppts welfare but also need to conduct meaningful research for s

158 of 159

Conclusion ideas:
- unique because ethical issues don't tend to arise in other sciences. _____ 2003 - ethical issues are raised because human and animals have feelings. They are _______ and capable of emotional pain as well as physical.

- unique because ethical issues don't tend to arise in other sciences. Gross 2003 - ethical issues are raised because human and animals have feelings. They are sentient and capable of emotional pain as well as physical.

159 of 159

Get Revising

Controversies in Psychology C3

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Psychology resources: