Crime prevention,Survelliance, punishment and victimology

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Crime prevention and control
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What does Clarke (1992) describe situational crime prevention as? (Clarke is a right realist)
a pre-emptive approach that relies, not on improving society or its institutions, but simply on reducing opportunities for crime
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What are the 3 key features that Clarke identifies aimed at situational crime prevention?
They are directed at specific crimes, they involve managing or altering the immediate environment of crime, they aim at increasing the effort and risks of committing the crime and reducing the rewards
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Give one example of a situational crime prevention strategy that right realists seem to like alot?
Target hardening
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Describe examples of Target Hardening
locking doors and windows to increase the effort a burglar needs to make surveillance in shops via CCTV to increase the likelihood of shoplifters being caught
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What theory is situational crime prevention based off being it hold the view that criminals weigh up the costs and benefits of a crime opportunity?
The theory of 'opportunity' or rational choice theory of crime
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However, what does situational crime prevention actually lead to rather than actually reducing crime?
displacement
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What is displacement?
when criminals move where they do their crimes because they if they are rational, they will simply move when targets are softer
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What else may criminals do other than displacement (innovative)?
may become innovative and get better at their crimes or turn to other types of crime
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What do Marxists point out situational crime prevention ignores?
White-collar crimes are more harmful
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What does Situational s crime ignore according to left sociologists?
The root cause of crime such as poverty or poor socialisation
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Name a crime to people may turn to if target hardening happens ? (more hidden )
cyber crime
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What do situational crime prevention presume everyone does before carrying out a crime?
That everyone makes a rational choice
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But why do people in certain types of crime not always be rational eg. violent crimes?
Quick decision, maybe under the influence of drugs or Alcohol
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Environmental crime prevention
....
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Who uses the phrase 'broken windows'?
Wilson and Kelling (1982)
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What does Broken windows mean?and provide exmaples
to stand out doe the disorder and lack of control in some areas like graffiti, begging, littering and Vandalism
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If these issues are not delbt with, what message does it send out?
that no one cares, promoting a spiral of deviance
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In neighbourhoods suffering from 'broken windows', why may members of the community feel imintimated and powerless because of an absence of what?
formal c=social control like the police and informal control (community)
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Thus, what may happen to respectable people if police only focuses on serious crimes in neighborhoods?
they will move out because the neighborhood would have deteriorated
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What is Zero tolerance policing?
the process of stamping out any minor crime or deviance
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Who suggests the two-fold strategy to cut down on disorder?
Wilson and Kelling again hhehe
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What are these two strategies?
an environmental improvement strategy and zero-tolerance policing strategy
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What is an environmental improvement strategy?
any broken windows must be repaired immediately, eg. abandoned cars towed away to stop neighbourhood decline, otherwise more will follow and the neighbourhood will decline
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What is the Zero tolerance polcing strategy?
police must adopt this and it eill halt neighbourhood decline and prevent serios crime taking root
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Provide an example of the Enriomentla crime prevention working
NY clean care programme on the Subway, Graffi is immediately removed and Zero tolerance policing has caused a drop in crime
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However, why is this example of NY not accurate necessarily?
The Us had a drop in crime at this period anyway and had 7000 extra officers
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What does Zero tolerance policing allow potentially encourage?
targeting of certain groups eg. intuitional racism
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Social and community crome prevention
from the left- because they focus in reducing inequality
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What does social and community crime prevention focus on?
the potential offender in their social content and want to remove conditions of why individuals commit crime
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Thus, how is it different from situational crime prevention and Zero target hardening?
it it aims to tackle the root cause of crime
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What do the social community and crime prevention think the root causes of crime are?
poverty, unemployment and poor housing
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How will the social and community crime prevention address these issues?
through source reforms like politics to increase employment
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What offered 3-4-year-olds who were disadvantaged black children a two-year' intellectual enrichment program?
They perry Pre-school project (1962)
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What did the longitudinal study find about the control group of the Perry pre-school project by age 40?
- significantly fewer arrests for violent crime, property crime and drugs
-more graduated from high school
-more employed
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Thus what did the Perry preschool project eradicate (social and community crime prevention) ?
Eradicated the riot cause of offending
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For every dollar spent on the project, $... was saved on welfare, prison and other costs
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However, what type of crime does social and community crime prevention ignore?
crimes of the powerful and environmental crimes that may be more detrimental to society
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Crime prevention and control Surveillance
only likely to be a 4 or 6 marker
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What is Surveillance?
monitoring behavior for the purpose of control: observing people to gather data about them using this to regulate behavior
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Birth of the Prison
Foulet (1977)
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What was the type of punishment before the 19C that was a brutal, emotional spectacle, such as public execution?
Sovereign power
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What is Disciplinary power?
dominant in the 19th C, a form of control, a new system of discipline that seeks to govern not just the body but mind or 'soul'. It does so through surveillance
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What is the Panopticon prison design?
Each prisoner has their own cell is visible to the guards from a central watchtower
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Why is the Suvelliance feel actually self-surveillance and self-discipline in the Panopticon prison?
control takes place 'inside' the prisoner (feel watched)
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What is Surveillance in the Panoptician is now a model of not?
how power operates in society as a whole
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Why are CCTV cameras a form of Panopticon?
aware of their presence but unsure if they are recording us
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What did Norris (2012) find about CCTV in car parks?
it reduces crime in car parks but sis not have an effect on any other crime, and a may even cause displacement
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What feminists belies that CCTV is an extension of the male gaze?
Koskela (2012)
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Why is CCTV an extension of the 'male gaze'?
it renders women more visible to voyeurism of the male gaze camera operator, it does not make them more secure
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However, what is Foucault not clear about?
the shift from sovereign to disciplinary crime is not clear
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What does it over-exaggerate in Prisons?
the extent of control because prisoners can resist control
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Who argue CCTV is ineffective because it falsely reassures the public about their security?
Gill and Loveday (2003)
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Surveillance theories since Foucault (5)
synoptic surveillance, surveillant assemblages, Actuarial justice, and risk management, social sorting and categorical susption, labelling and surveillance
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In late Modernity, what has there been an increase in what type of suvellience?
Surveillance form below
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What is the word for when everyone watches everybody?
'Synopticon'
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For example, what does Thompson (2000) argue about powerful groups in society like politicians?
they fear the media surveillance of them may uncover damaging information about them and thus acts as a dorm of social control over their activities
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For example, what certain social groups is subject to more surveillance?
W/C eg. their areas have more CCTV
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However, what does MCCahill (2012) argue against Synopticon surveillance?
That is doesn't reverse the established hierarchies of survivance
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Survelliant assemblages
basically just surveillance tech
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What do Haggerty and Ericson (2000) argue about surveillance technologies?
That they now involve manipulation of virtual objects (digital data) in cyberspace rather than physical bodies such as prisoners in the panopticon
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Provide an example about how these types of technology used to be stand-alone but now they can 'talk' to each other by combining different technologies?
CCTV footage can be analyzed by using facial technology
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Actuarial justice and risk management
......
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Who argues there is a 'technology of power' that is emerging throughout the justice system?
Feeley and Simon (1994)
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What are the 3 different ways that the technology of power differs from Foucault's disciplinary power in 3 main ways?
Focuses on groups rather than the individual, seeks to 'manage risk' by focusing on predicting and preventing future offending, damage limitation through calculating who is likely to offend through 'social sorting based on age ethnicity and location
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Give an example of how the 'technology of power can relate to surveillance and crime control
In airport security, screening tests info about passengers (age, sec etc) can be profiled and given a score, those who score higher get stopped and serched
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For example, who would score higher, an old woman or a young man?
young man
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What is the aim of Acturail justice and risk management??
to predicts and thus prevent future offending
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What is Young's (1999) note about actuarial justice?
that is is a damage limitation strategy that is to reduce crime by using statistical information to pick out likely offenders
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Social sorting and categorical suspicion
....
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What is the purpose of social sorting?
able to categorise people so they can be treated on the level of risk they pose
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What is one effect of social sorting and categorical suspicion according to Marx (1988) ( its not Karl dw just someone else called Marx)?
being placed under suspicion of wrongdoing simply for belonging to a particular category or group
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For Example, when and where did police place 2 Muslim suburbs with about 150 cameras, some of them covert, placing the whole community under suspicion?
2010 West Midlands
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Evaluation of Social sorting and Categorical suspicion (4 marker)
....
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For example, what may lead to Labelling, who may be wrongly labeled?
groups such as young males and minority ethnic groups are more likely to be discriminated against
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What may happen due to labeling causing more criminal behavior potentially?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Labeling and Surveillance
...
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What does Research about CCTV operation show?
That they make discriminatory judgments about who among the thousands of potential 'suspects appearing focus on
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Who found that there is a disproportionate targeting of young black males for no other reason than being part of that social group?
Norris and Armstrong (1999)
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Why might these stereotypical judgments be really bad for the criminal justice system?
Because it May lead to SFP and those who are not seen as a 'criminal' may get their offense ignored or not be a suspect
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Victims of crime
....
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Give a definition of a victim
those who have suffered harm through acts that violate laws of the state eg. physical, mental, emotional and economic ,
loss or suffering
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However, what does Chirtise argue about 'victim'?
That it is socially constructed eg. the idea of a victim form the media, public and justice system is a weak and blameless individual
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Theroies of Victimology
possible 10 marker
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What are the 2 broad perspectives of victimology?
positive and critical
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Positive Victimology
......
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Who identifies 3 features to the positive victimology approach?
Miers (1989)
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What is the first key feature? (identifying factors)
aim to identify factors that produce patterns in victimization and factors that make people more prone to be victims
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What is the 2nd feature? (close)
focuses on interpersonal crimes of violence
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What is the 3rd feature?
Aims to identify victims which have contributed to their own victimization
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What is positivists' main focus (key word)?
Victim proneness
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What is victim proneness?
the idea that victims invite victimization by the kind of person they are
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What are the 3 identified characteristics that Hentig (1948) found made someone more likely to be victim?
women, elderly, and 'mentally subnormal'
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What other concept do positivities also consider where victims contribute to their own victimization through their interactions?
victim precipitation
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Describe Wolfgang (1958) study on victim precipitation?
carried out a study of 588 homicides in Philadephia, and 26% of the victims triggered the events leading to the homicide, for instance being the first to use violence
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What type of things does this theory ignore however? (structural factors)
eg. poverty and patriarchy
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What is victim participation ?
victim-blaming eg, claiming that **** may be victim precipitated is similar to suggests the victim has 'asked for it'
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What does the approach ignore about situations and victims?
victims that are unaware of their own victimization
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Critical victimology
.....
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What does this approach argue about structural factors?
structural factors such as poverty and patriarchy can place powerless groups at greater risk of victimisation
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What are the 'powerless group' according to critical criminology?
women and W/C
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What do critical victimology argue about the state and labeling?
that is has the power to apply or deny a victim label
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Who gives the example of health and safety laws
Tombs and Whyte (2007)
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How can health and Saftey law breaches be explained away?
By saying he victim is an "accident-prone" worker
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Thus, what does the Victims usually get denied?
official victim status as they are "victim balmed'
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How do Tombs and Whte refer to this as?
ideological functions of the failire to label
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Therefore, why are the powerless less likely to be labeled?
due to the hierarchy of victimisation
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However, what are critical victimologists ignoring about the role of the victims?
their own role of bring about their own victimization eg. not taking the precautions against crime
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what do Feminist critical victimologists ignore?
fail to explain the victimisation od men, especially young men as they are the most likely group to be victims
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Nevertheless, what is it useful in showing about victimization?
That the status of the victim is constructed by power at the benefit of the powerful and the expense of the victim
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What do Neomarxists point out about powerless victoms?
That not all victims accept their powerless status
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Provide an example of powerless groups fighting back
Dorreen Lawrence fighting for her son's murderers to come to justice
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Patterns of victimization
....
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Explain class: are people from lower class more likely to be victims?
the poorest groups of society are more likely to be victims, eg. crime in highest in areas of high employment and deprivation.
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For example, marginalized groups such as the homeless are ... times more likely to be victims of violent crime
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Age: who is more likely to be victim of crime?
Younger people
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For example, what are infants more at risk of?
being murdered
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What are teenagers more likely to be at risk of?
Sexual assault, sexual harassment, and abuse in the home
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Gender: who is more likely to be a victim of violent attacks?
males
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WHAT percentage of homicide victims are male?
70%
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In how many killings do women know the killer (husband or partner)?
60%
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Who are males more likely to be killed by?
a friend or acqueiatence
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What does the Annual crime survey show about women?
they are more fearful of crime but are at less risk of victimisation
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However, what does the Local Crime Survey say?
That women are more likely to experience severe violence and control
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Ethnicity: Who is at greater risk of crime? Whites or minority ethnic groups?
minority ethnic groups
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The CSEW found mixed minority ethnic groups are ...... higher risk of becoming a victim and blacks are ...., Asians ..... and Whites .....
27.9%, 18%
, 15.8%, 15.7%
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Provide some reasons of a higher risk of crime
sexuality, frequently visiting pubs, living in an area with high levels of anti-social behavior and marital status
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Why are the stats of victimization not a true representation of victimization?
they do not necessarily capture victims experiences for crime
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What else can statistics not show about racist victimization?
That it can be ongoing overtime with repeated 'minor' offences of abuse and harassment with incidents of physical violence
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What are the long-term impacts of victimization that stats tend to ignore?
Psychological, physical injury, damage to property caused by offenders
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Impact of victimisation
...
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provide examples of emotional effects of crime on victims
feelings of helplessness, increased security consciousness, difficulties in social functioning
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What type of Victims is it called when it might be friends, relatives, and witnesses?
indirect victims
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Give an example of a crime that may effect a whole community
hate crime
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why might an individual suffer further victimisation after the incident?
criminal Justice system, in terms of doubt, disbelief, racism and biases
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What type of crime can crime also create?
fear of becoming a victim
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Sociological theories of punishment
could be a 10 marker
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What is the name of the functionalist perspective?
punishment and social cohension
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What are the 3 points of that Durkheim puts forward for the function of punishment?
It upholds social solidarity and reinforces shared values, punishment is expressive and thus demonstrates moral outrage the offense, societies values reaffirmed - sense of moral unity
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Why does Durkheim believe that punishment is necessary?
existence of morality and social solidarity, reaffirms moral and social bonds
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What does Durkheim acknowledge the nature of punishment does?
changes as society does
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What are the 2 types of justice ?
retributive and restitutive justice
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What is retributive justice?
Traditional society had collective consciousness and so punishment is vengeful and cruel and its motivation is an expressive of their collective values
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What is restitutive justice?
modern societies are independent on individuals, crime damaged this relationship so there need to be dome restoration of this relationshi[, this is done through things such as compensation
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What does Durheim think that traditional societies are?
restitutive
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For example, what are blood feuds settled by?
Payment as compensation rather than execution
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Why does Punishment help to prevent a collapse of moral authority according to Durkheim?
beca8se it demonstrates the force and power of moral demands
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How do rituals help to convey moral messages and help to maintain social order?
rituals centre around the courtroom, wearing wigs, and gowns, the process of the trail, the passing od a sentence and the meting out of punishment
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However, what is Durkheim criticized for in terms of restitutive and retributive justice?
there is a too sharp line between the definitions as traditional societies still used compensation payments and the death penalty is still sued in advanced societies
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The Marxists perspective
punishment and class control
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What do Marxists argue the function of punishment is?
to serve the interests of the R/C and maintain w/C oppression
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Which is one-way punishment does this?
by defending the r/c property from the capitalist nature of society
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In what way does the form of punishment reflect the capitalist nature of society?
because capitalism puts a price on workers time so criminals have to 'do time; in prison to 'pay for their crime'
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evaluation
....
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What do Rusche and Kirchiemer argue the marxists understate?
the political and religious influences on the development of punishment
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Who points out that there is widespread support among the W/C for harsh punitive policies?
Garland
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What else does Garland argue?
that there is little evidence that the w/C support criminals than any other social group
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THE ROLE OF PRISONS
.....
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Is being sent to prison the most common form of punishment?
yes
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What is the world prison population?
9 mil
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What country has the highest prison population?
USA
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what is the population rate per 100,000?
700
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What is the highest rate in Europe of the population in prison?
UK
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What is the prison population in England per 100,000?
147
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How many prisoners were there in the UK in 1900?
18,000
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how many prisoners is there today ?
87,000
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How much do these prisoners cost the state each per year?
£36,000
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Prisons have 4 key goals
.....
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1. What does locking away all undesirable and violent people do? right
protects the public (Incapacitation)
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2. What is retribution? right
punish criminal behavior, prisons are not too soft. They can be overcrowded, violent and degrading places.
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3. Explain rehabilitation -- left
reform criminals - educational programs help prisoners learn new skills so they can lead an honest life
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4. Explain Dereerance
deter people from crime, the threat of being sent to prison should ensure people never break the law
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CONCLUSION
......
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Name a punishment that has managed to control crime
trick question - none
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What has punishment can be regarded as a backup for what?
mainstream process of socialization
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What suggests that prison does not deter?
High rates of recidicism (repeat offending)
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What amount of released prisoners reoffending?
2/3
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What percentage of juvenile offenders reoffend within 2 years of offending?
71%
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does Clarke (1992) describe situational crime prevention as? (Clarke is a right realist)

Back

a pre-emptive approach that relies, not on improving society or its institutions, but simply on reducing opportunities for crime

Card 3

Front

What are the 3 key features that Clarke identifies aimed at situational crime prevention?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Give one example of a situational crime prevention strategy that right realists seem to like alot?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Describe examples of Target Hardening

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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