Approach that defines male language as standard and female language as deficient.
1 of 13
Dominance approach
Approach that suggests men use their language to dominate women in society.
2 of 13
Difference approach
Approach that suggests men and women have fundamentally different language.
3 of 13
Dynamic approach
Approach that shows how language evolves and can be used by all instead of being classified in a particular category.
4 of 13
Lakoff (deficit)
Women's language features: hedges; empty adjectives; super-polite forms; apologise more; speak less frequently; avoid coarse language / expletives; tag questions; hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation; indirect requests; speak in 'italics'
5 of 13
Cheshire
Overall, boys used non-standard forms more frequently than girls.
6 of 13
Fishman (dominance)
Women use more tag questions in order to begin and sustain dialogue (conversational shitwork). Men reluctant to do the 'shitwork' due to what they perceive as their dominant role.
7 of 13
Tannen (difference)
Male vs female contrasts. Status vs Support. Independence vs Intimacy. Advice vs Understanding. Information vs Feelings. Orders vs Proposals. Conflict vs Compromise.
8 of 13
Coates (difference)
Children tend to have same-sex friendship groups so develop different speech styles. Coates suggests female language is co-operative in single sex conversations, aided by tag questions and modality.
9 of 13
Pilkington (difference)
Found that women in same-sex conversations were collaborative and used positive politeness strategies. Men in same-sex talk less collaborative, supportive and complimentary than women.
10 of 13
Cameron
Idea that men and women have fundamentally different language is a myth. Focuses instead on how speakers construct and perform individual gender identities that may draw on or challenge stereotypes.
11 of 13
Hyde
Gender similarities hypothesis. Argues that there are more similarities that differences in men's and women's language. Differences may be due to other variables, e.g. age or ethnicity.
12 of 13
Butler
Gender performativity theory. Gender is performative, not a biological construction. Mistake to reinforce a binary view of gender.
13 of 13
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Approach that suggests men use their language to dominate women in society.
Back
Dominance approach
Card 3
Front
Approach that suggests men and women have fundamentally different language.
Back
Card 4
Front
Approach that shows how language evolves and can be used by all instead of being classified in a particular category.
Back
Card 5
Front
Women's language features: hedges; empty adjectives; super-polite forms; apologise more; speak less frequently; avoid coarse language / expletives; tag questions; hyper-correct grammar and pronunciation; indirect requests; speak in 'italics'
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