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Incorporation by reference to another document - attention must still be drawn to the clause itself

incorporation by previous course of dealings - has to be consistent

Contra proferentem rule - any ambiguity in the wording of a clause will be construed against the party wishing to rely on it

Attempting to exclude liability in negligence, must reach high standard of clarity and precision

Fundamental Breach - rejected and now no more than a guide to construction that is clear and unambiguous