GCSE Biology Paper 1 topic 2

What are specialised cells?

they are cells that have differentiated to become more efficient at their job however they may lose the ability to do other jobs

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cells are arranged into?

tissues

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What do tissues do?

they work together to do a job eg Muscle tissues contracts to produce movement, glandular tissue produces substances such as enzymes and hormones, epithelial tissue covers organs

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What are organs?

Organs are groups of different tissues which all work together to perform a specific job. Each organ may contain several tissues.

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What are organs organised into?

Organ systems

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single celled organisms do not have?

tissues

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What are enzymes?

enzymes are biologic catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms

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What are the properties of Enzymes?

they are all large proteins, there is a space within the protein molecule called the active site, each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction, they work best at a specific temperature and ph known as the optimum

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What is the 'lock and key theory'

the lock and key theory is the chemical that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock). the substrate is broken down into products and the enzyme can be reused

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What is denaturing?

High temperatures and extreme phs can make the enzyme's active site change shape so that the substrate no longer fits. this is denaturing

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How do enzymes work in digestion?

1-the enzymes pass out of the specialised cells in the glands into the digestive system.2-they come into contact with food molecules.3-They catalyse the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules

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what are the digestive enzymes?

Protease, lipase and carbohydrase or Amylase

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what does protease do?

is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine, breaks down proteins into amino acids

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what does lipase do?

is produced in the pancreas and small intestine, breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

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where is bile made and stored?

Bile is made in the liver and is stored in the gall bladder

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what does bile do?

it is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach, it emulsifies fat to form small droplets, increasing the surface area for enzymes to act on. the alkaline conditions and large surface area increase the rate at which fat is broken down

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what is blood made of?

a liquid called plasma

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what compenents are in plasma?

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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what does plasma do?

it transports various chemical substances around the body, such as the products of digestion,hormones,antibodies,urea and carbon dioxide

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what do red blood cells do?

contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen for transportation to the cells which need it for respiration, don't have a nucleus-more room for oxygen/haemoglobin,very small-fit through capillaries,biconcave disks-large SA for oxygen to diffuse across

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what do white blood cells do?

help to protect the body against infection, can change shape so they can squeeze out of the blood vessels into the tissues and enulf microorganisms.

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what do platelets do?

They are fragments of cells, which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting

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GCSE Biology Paper 1 topic 2

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