Globalisation

What is globalisation?

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries

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Types of globalisation, and there impacts

Social- immigration, improvement to health and education, communication development
Economic- growth of TNCs, online markets (Amazon)
Cultural-westernisation, glocalisation and hybridisation
Political- growth of trade blocs (NAFTA), free trade, WB,WTO,IM

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Name 2 index's to measure globalisation, what do they measure?

AT Kearney Index- ranks cities based on business activity, cultural experience, and political engagement
KOF Index- ranks countries based on economic, social, political and cultural globalisation.

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How do TNCs impact globalisation?

They have there companies and HQs all over the globe
HQs normally in LICs for cheap labour

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What is offshoring and its effects ?

Manufacturing based in other countries (LICs)
Effects- dangerous working environments (Rana Plaza collapse Bangladesh), natural disasters disrupt companies, low pay

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What is outsourcing?

Contacting another company to do work

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International organisations

Bretton Woods 1948- established capital markets and trading prices
WTO- promote trade around world, fund trade
IMF- provide money for countries in crisis
World Bank

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How do BRICS affect globalisation?

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa- arguably changed
Rival Bretton Woods
New Development Bank in 2015 to rival World Bank

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Development of globalisation- technology and transport

19th century- railways, steamships, telegraphs
20th century-jet aircraft, aeroplanes , containerisation
21st century- global internet 1990s, IT advances, LIC development- Kenya online banking

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Economic policies affects on globalisation

China Open Door Policy- allows FDI in SEZs where labour costs+ tax are low
Free trade blocks- NAFTA/EU, increase interconnectedness by removing tariffs and quotas- free movement (Schengen)

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Government policies and effects on globalisation

Free market liberalisation/neo-liberalism-removes 'red tape' and gov intervention in markets
Privatisation- allows gov owned businesses to be sold to private TNCs which gives foreign investors shares in companies (FDI)

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Switched off places/isolated states examples and factors

Physical factors- landlocked or harsh climate
Environmental- Sahel Region, water scarcity, famine
Social- poor education, low skilled labour force
Political- terrorism/dictatorship (Syria, Afghanistan, North Korea)
Economic- debt, excluded from trade blo

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What is NAFTA?

North America Free Trade Agreement- trilateral free trade agreement between America, Mexico and Canada

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What is the global shift?

Movement of manufacturing from America and Europe to Asia- China and India 1960s

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What is cultural erosion and diffusion?

Erosion- forgetting native and indigenous cultures due to westernisation
Diffusion- spread of global culture, introducing TNCs and TV to LICs

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What is a diaspora?

Spread of people or culture from one place to another

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Push factor

Pushing someone out of an area

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Pull factor

Attracting someone to an area

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Example of a megacity?

Karachi-Pakisatn
9.3m (1998) to 15m (2017) in size
75% work in the informal sector
Poverty - 50% of the population live in slums
Not much tax is paid

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International migration

Moving from one country to another

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Global hub cities

Urban areas of high connections to global economies

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Immigration controls in Japan

-Strong controls
-Ageing population and low birth rate
-2016 foreigners were only 1.6 million of population

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Localisation-

local sourcing to increase sustainability

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Papua New Guinea- economy

Relatively high KOF index for an isolated country
2018- 116th/185
1975 PNG kept strong economic links to Australia, continued through 19th century with British colonisation

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Name a country with large debts

Kazakhstan- 100 bn in foreign debt 2016

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Globalisation

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