Globalisation, Green and State Crime
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- Created by: Isabelle6447
- Created on: 29-03-22 11:53
CRIME AND GLOBALISATION
.....
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Define globalization and give examples
the increasing interconnectedness of societies is caused by the spread of new information and technologies including cheap air travel, ICT, global markets
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Give an example of the scale of transnational crime in relation to supply and demand.
Demand for crimes products and services from the rich west
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How would the global crime economy not function without the supply of ......?
the supply side that provides drugs and sex workers
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Give an example of the supply side needing the demand
Impoverished peasants who find drug cultivation more profitable thank traditional crops
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For example, how much of the population in Columbia depends on cocaine production for their livelihoods?
20%
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What is global risk consciousness?
risk is seen as global rather than tied to a particular place
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provide an example
asylum seekers and economic migrants have raised anxieties in the west about the border
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What can global risk consciousness amplified by the media lead to?
the intensification of social control
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Theories explaining the links between globalization and crime
the global criminal economy, globalization, capitalism and crime, Patterns of a criminal organization, Mcmafia
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The Global criminal economy
....
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who suggests there has been a globalization of crime - an interconnectedness of crime across national borders
Held et al (1999)
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What does Held et al claim this has led to?
the spread of transnational organized crime and more Opportunities to commit a crime and new opportunities for crimes and new means od committing crime
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How much does Castells argue the global criminal economy is worth?
£1 trillion
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name the number of forms of the global crime economy (today dad caught silly mike)
Trafficking women and children, drug trade, Cyber-crime, smuggling of illegal goods, Money laundering
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Why is there trafficking of women and children?
often for prostitution or slaverly
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How much is The Drugs trade worth annually?
$300-400 billion
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Give 2 examples of cybercrime
identity theft and child prawnography
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Provide 2 examples of goods that may be illegal smuggled
Alcohol and tobacco
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how much is money laundering worth
estimated $1.5 trillion
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However, provide examples of why these crimes have existed before globalization so could not be caused by it
Smuggling and terrorism have long crossed national borders
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Globalization, Capitalism, and crime
....
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Who argues globalization has led to changes in the pattern and extent of crime?
Ian Taylor (1997)
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Who Taylor argues has happened as a result?
greater inequality and crime ay both ends of the social scale
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Why has globalization led to producing job insecurity, unemployment, and poverty?
allowed transnational corporations to switch manufacturing
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What is deregulation?
Where governments have little control over their own economics eg. to raise taxes
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Why do all these things encourage more people to commit crimes?
creates insecurity and widening inequalities and a lack of legitimate jobs
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Thus, what do some people turn to (links with globalization)?
illegitimate means like the lucrative drugs trade
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Why has globalization caused more patterns in employment to lead to more crime?
increase in 'flexible working' illegally, or employed less than minimum wage or working in breach in health and safety laws or other labor laws
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Why is Taylor's theory useful?
in explaining the links of global trends in the capitalist economy to change in patterns of crime
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However, what does Taylor not adequately explain?
how the changes make people behave in criminal ways
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Patterns of a criminal organization
....
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Who comes up with this theory and the term 'Glocal crime'?
Hobbs and Dunningham (1998)
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What is 'Glocal crime' ?
Describes the transnational organized crime
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What do global criminal networks operate within?
Local networks in communities thousands of miles away
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Thus, what has old-fashioned criminal gangs' top-down hierarchy been replaced with?
Global networks of criminal gangs
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Thus, what does Glocal also mean in relation to interconnectivity?
local and global network shave links to criminal gangs on other counties
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Provide an example of this in relation to the drugs trade
the international drugs trade requires the harvesting of opium from a local farmers, by local gangs to supply the orders placed by Columbian drug barons, and those orders can be taken using global telecommunication systems like burner phones
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However, what is not clear?
patterns that the crime order structures do not disappear - it may be that the traditional old fashioned top-down and the global criminal networks
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Additionally, what do Hobbs and Dunningham generalize?
other criminal activities
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Mc Mafia
Glenny (2008)
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What does Glenny mean by McMafia?
the criminal organizations that emerged in Russia and Eastern Europe following the fall communism
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When did the Soviet Union break up?
1989
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What happened as a result?
the deregulation of global markets
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Due to the Russian government causing this deregulation, what happened to the economy?
huge rise in rent and food prices
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However, commodity prices were kept the same at old soviet prices, give examples of things at commodity prices
oil, gas - way below the global market
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What do Oligarchs (Russia's new capitalist class) emerge from?
anyone with access to funds could buy up oil and gas and sell them for huge profits
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Give an example of people who had access to funds who could become these Oligards?
KGB generals
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Why did those new oligarchs turn to Mafias?
to protect themselves from increasing disorder
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What were Mafias vital for the entry of what(globalization)?
entry of the Oligarchs into the world economy
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Give an example
The Chechen Marfia has become a 'franchise' that protects non Chechen groups for economic interests
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However, Glenny is not a sociologist, what is he?
a journalist
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Also why cannot this research not be generalized?
it is just in Russia, not other parts of the globe
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Green Crime
....
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What is Green Crime?
defined as a crime against the environment
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What is much of Green crime linked to ?
globalisation and the growing interconnectedness in societies
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What is the world in terms of eco-systems ?
a single eco system and threats to eco-systems are increasingly global than merely local
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Provide an example of the ecosystems behaving in an increasingly global way
atmospheric pollution in one country can turn to acid rain in another and destroy forests
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Who identified the 2 different types of environmental harm and what are they?
White
Anthropocentric, Ecocentric
Anthropocentric, Ecocentric
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What is Anthropocentric environmental harm?
this is a harm-centered view of environmental harm. It argues that humans have the right to dominate nature for their own ends and put economic growth before the enviroment
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What is Ecocentric environment harm?
humans and their environment is independent, so environmental harm hurts humans too
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Types of green crimes
Primary, Secondary
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What is a primary crime?
These are crimes that result directly from the destruction and degradation at the enviroment
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Provide 3 examples of primary green crime
Air pollution, deforestation, species decline
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What is a secondary green crime ?
involve breaking the laws aimed at preventing or regulating envioremntal disaters
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provide 2 examples of secondary green crime
Toxic dumping, state violence against oppositional group eg. 1985 Greenpeace Rainbow warrior
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Global risk society and the enviroment
....
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Who argues that most threats to human wellbeing and the eco-system are now human-made rather than natural disasters?
Beck (1992)
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What does this mean?
That the major risks we face today are in our own making
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What does Beck argue has happened now we are in a late modern society and have increased our productivity and technology?
created 'manufactured risks' and dangers that we have never faced
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Provide an example of one of these manufactured risks in relation the environment
Climate change
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What does Beck describe late modern society as in relation to globalization?
global risk society
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provide an example
The Bhopal Disaster 1984
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However, why is this issue not always a matter for criminologists?
The pollution that causes Acid rain may be perfectly legal
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2 different perspectives on green crime
10 marker - Traditional criminology and Green criminologist
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What is the main thing Traditional criminologists are concerned with?
criminal law
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What type of things does this approach start with?
the national and international laws and regulations concerning the environment
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Who believes that if no law has been broken, they are not concerned?
Stiu and Emmons (2000)
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What do Stiu and Emmons (2000) define environmental crime as?
an authorized act of omission that violates the law
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Why is pollution is legal, what is a Traditional criminologist's view?
they are not concerned because no criminal act has been broken
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Why are Traditional criminologists criticized?
They accept official definitions of environmental problems and crimes, which are often shaped by powerful groups to serve their own interests
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Green Criminology
....
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Provide evidence of Green Criminologists' view is more radical
They start with the notion of harm rather than criminal law
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Who argues that we should focus on any action that harms the physical environment or animals, even if the law has not been broken?
White (2008)
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What do Green criminologists recognize in other countries?
that they all have different laws
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What does this mean in relation to crime?
some harmful actions may be a crime in one country but not another
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Thus, why do Green criminologists develop a global perspective on environmental harm?
move away from a legal definition and international borders
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However, what can green criminologists be criticized for?
for making subjective value judgments about which actions out to be regarded as wrong
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EXPLAINING STATE CRIME
....
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How does Green and Ward (2005) define state crime as?
'illegal or deviant activités perpetrated by, or with the complicity of state agencies
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Who identifies four categories of state crime? ( or 6 marker)
Eugene McLaughlin (2001)
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What are the 4 types ( please,capapillars, see and pee, eat, some, crubs)
Political crimes, crimes by security and police forces, economic crime, social and cultural crimes
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Provide examples of political crimes
Corruption and censorship (eg. Nazi Censorship 1933-1945)
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Provide examples of Crimes by security and police forces
genocide, torture and the disappearance of dissidents (Rwanda 2014)
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Provide examples of economic crimes
violations of health and safety laws (Bhopal 1984)
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Provides examples of social and cultural crimes
institutional racisms (segregation in South Africa)
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One type of state crime is genocide, provide examples of it
Growing media - so aware of ethnic cleansing eg. Rwanda, the Tutsi minority who ruled over Hutu in 1980's and 800,000 were slaughted, twenty years later in 2014international law has been used to prosecute leaders in the Rwandan government at the time
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The Scale of State Crime
large scale crimes with widespread victimization
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Provide an example of a large scale state crime
Cambodia 1975-8 the Khmer Rouge government killed up to a 1/5 of the country's population
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What can the state power mean criminal convictions are avoided?
because they can use their power to conceal their crimes
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Why else can the state avoid defining its own actions as a criminal?
The state itself defines what is criminal and manages the criminal justice system as well as the power to avoid defining its own actions as criminal
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What principle makes it difficult for external authorities such as the United Nations to intervene in things like genocide and war crimes?
National sovereignty
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State and Corporate crime
....
103 of 169
What are state and Coropostae crimes?
when state crimes are often committed in conjunction with corporate crimes
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What distinguishes there 2 different types of state and corporate crime?
Kramer and Michalowski (1993)
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What is the first one they distinguish?
state-initiated corporate crime
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What is this?
When states intitiate or approve corporate cromes
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Provide an example
the challenger space shuttle disaster
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What is the 2nd that they distinguish?
State facilitated corporate crime
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What is State facilitated corporate crime
when states fail to regulate and control corpoate behvior
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Provide an example
The Deepwater Horizon disaster
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Defining state Crime
10 marker
112 of 169
What are the 4 ways of defining state crimes (titles)
Domestic law, social harms and zemiology, labeling and societal reaction, Human rights
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Domestic Law
Marxist - talk about the Marxist theory of crime for a 10 marker
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Who defines state crime in domestic law?
Chambliss (1989)
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How does Chambliss define state crime?
'acts defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as representative'
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However, what does Domestic law ignore about the power of the state itself?
have the power to make laws and therefore avoid criminalising behavior
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What does the state make that allows them to carry out harmful acts that domestic law ignores?
laws
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Why does domestic law sometimes lead to inconsistencies? (link to globalization)
what is legal one side of the border is not legal another side of the border
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Social harms and Zemiology
,,,,,,
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What is Zemiology?
moving beyond illegal and not illegal but harm as a state crime
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How does Michalowski (1985) define state crime?
including both illegal and 'legally permissible acts whose consequences are similar to those illegal acts and the harm they cause'
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Who argues we should take a much wider view of state wrongdoing?
Hillyard (2004)
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Provide examples of harms such as state-facilitated poverty?
where there is no minimum wage such as India
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Advantage: What does this definition apply to different states?
because it creates a single standard
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What else does Zemiology and social harm stop the state from doing?
from ruling themselves 'out of court' by making laws that allow them to behave badly
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What is this definition, however, (what counts as harm)?
vague
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Labeling and societal reaction
.....
128 of 169
What does Labelling theory define crime as?
crime depends on whether the audience for the act defines it as a crime
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Thus, what is state crime according to labeling theory because what can be regarded as a crime may change over time ?
state crime is socially constructed
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Thus, why might not the sociologist impose their own definition of state crime?
because the participants define the situation (perpetrators or victims)
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However, provide an example of this definition being too vague (Iraq)
Anti-Iraq war protestors found that while they saw the war as harmful and illegitimate, they were unwilling too label it criminal. By contrast, from a harms perspective, the war can be seen as illegal
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Explain why its unclear of the label?
Because the relevant audience, or what to do if different audiences reach different verdicts
of crime
of crime
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How do Marxists criticize labeling theory?
argue they ignore the audience's definition of state crime that may be manipulated by R/C ideology
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Human rights
...
135 of 169
Give some examples of Human rights
Natural rights such as the right to life and free speech and Civil rights such as the right to vote, right to privacy and the right to education
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How does Schwendinger (1975) define state crime?
a violation of peoples basic human rights by the state or its agents
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Provide some examples of the state practicing violating of human rights and thus, committing a state crime
ecomoic exploitation, racism
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Advantage: why does it help achieve social change?
because it exposes suffering and atrocities cause by the state
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Why can leverage be used towards states?
virtually all states care about their human rights images because these rights are now global social norms, si can make them suspectable to shaming
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However, how does Cohen criticize this view?
not all human rights are universally agreed on - there is also disagreements on what counts as human right
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Explaining state Crime
.....
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What is the first way?
The authoritarian personality
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Who defines an authoritarian personality as a willingness to obey the orders of superiors without question?
Adorno (1950)
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Provide a past example due to punitive, disciplinarian socialization patterns
Germans have an authoritarian personality type during WW2
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What is the 2nd way of explaining state crime?
Crimes of obedience
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What do state crimes involve obeying?
higher authority - as a part of a role into which individuals are socialized
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Who notes that torturers are often socialized through propaganda about the 'enemy'? G+W
Green and Ward (2012)
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Explain by what its meant when states frequently create 'enclaves of barbarism'?
where torture is practiced such as in military bases
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What did Kelman and Hamilton (1989) study?
studied crimes of obedience including one in Vietnam where American soldiers massacred 400 civilians
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They produced three features that produce crimes of obedience, whar are them ?
Authorisation, routinization, dehumanisation
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Explain Authrotisation
when acts are not ordered to those in authority, normal moral principles are replaced by the duty to obey
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Explain routinization
once a crime is committed, string pressure to turn act into routine which individuals can perform in a detached manner
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Explain dehumanization
enemy is portrayed as sub-human rather than human and described as monsters etc so the usual moral principles for not apply
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What is the 3rd explanation to state crime?
Modernity
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Who puts forward the key features of modern society that made the holocaust possible?
Bauman (1989)
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What are the 4 key features
a division of labor, Bureaucratusatuin, instrumental rationality, science and technology
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Explain the division of labor?
each person responsible for one key task - no one felt personally responisble for the atrocisty
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Explain Bureaucratusation
normalized killing as they were made a routine and repetitive job could be dehumanised victims because seem as units
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Explain Instrumental rationality
rational efficient methods were used t achieve goal, regardless of goal (murder)
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Explain Science and technology
from railways to transport victims to death camps to industry produced gas to kill them
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Provide a criticism of modernity
not all genocide occurs through a highly organized division of labor that allows participants to distance themselves from killing
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What is the 4th explanation of state crime
the culture of denial
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What does Cohen (2006) argue about dictatorships and state crime explanation?
simply deny committing human rights abuses
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But, what does Cohen believe happens when its comes to democracies?
follow a three-stage 'spiral of state denial
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What is stage 1?
it did not happen
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What is stage 2?
if ut did not happen the state claim it is not what it looks like, It could be self defense
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What is stage 3?
even if it is what you say it is the state will justify their actions
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Descibe Cohens neutralisation theory?
Draws on the work of Matza, aimed at justifying or deny the event that occurred such as the CIA technique on the War of terror including torture and the neutralisation techniques were aimed at normalising the torture
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Define globalization and give examples
Back
the increasing interconnectedness of societies is caused by the spread of new information and technologies including cheap air travel, ICT, global markets
Card 3
Front
Give an example of the scale of transnational crime in relation to supply and demand.
Back
Card 4
Front
How would the global crime economy not function without the supply of ......?
Back
Card 5
Front
Give an example of the supply side needing the demand
Back
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