Grammar

4 uses of Para?

Para + infinitive = in order to, With a noun/pronoun (benefit of, directed to), In direction of (specific place), Referring to specific time

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Difference between Passive and the Active?

"John broke the window" (Active) and "The window was broken by John" (Passive)

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How many methods of the Passive?

4 methods

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Method 1 of the Passive?

Say who did the action (e.g. the novel was written by Cervantes or Cervantes wrote the novel)

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Method 2 of the Passive?

The reflexive - use if you don't know who did the action (e.g. Spanish is spoken in many areas of New York = Spanish speaks itself in many areas of New York)

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Method 3 of the Passive?

"The anonymous they" - Reflexive could be misleading (e.g. The prisoners released themselves) so 'they' form used instead (e.g. The prisoners were released)

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Method 4 of the Passive?

The literal Passive - literal translation using Ser and the past participle (e.g. the passengers were greeted at the airport)

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Types of pronoun? (6 types)

Subject pronouns, Reflexive pronouns, Direct object pronouns, Indirect object pronouns, Relative pronouns, Possessive pronouns

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What are Reflexive pronouns?

Replaces the person doing the action to themselves (e.g. himself, herself etc)

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What are Direct object pronouns?

Replaces the person who is directly affected by the action (e.g. me, you, him, her etc)

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What are Indirect pronouns?

Replaces the person who is indirectly affected by the action (e.g. to me, to you, to him)

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How are the pronouns different to DO pronouns?

3rd person pronouns are le and les.

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Order of pronouns?

Reflexive - Indirect - Direct

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2 pronouns beginning with 'L'?

1st one changes to 'Se' (e.g. dárselo)

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Examples of relative pronouns?

Que, Cuyo/cuya/cuyos/cuyas, Lo que, Quien, Donde etc

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Is Quien to be used after a preposition?

Yes

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Examples of Quien?

'Con quien lo llevo bien' and 'A quien no conozco'

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Use of cuyo/cuya/cuyos/cuyas?

Used when talking about something belonging to someone

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Example of cuyo etc?

El hombre, cuyas palabras no recuerdo.

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Use of Demonstrative adjectives?

Used to translate 'this, these, that, those'

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Use of Demonstrative pronouns?

Used to translate 'this one, these ones, that one, those ones'

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Number of conditions included within Si constructions?

3 conditions

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Open conditions? and how to form them?

Event is likely to happen - Si + Present + Present or Si + Present + Future

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Remote conditions? and how to form them?

Often impossible/ hypothetical to come true BUT not always - Si + Imperfect Subjunctive + Conditional

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Unfulfilled conditions? and how to form them?

An event in the past that never happened - Si + Pluperfect subjunctive + Conditional perfect

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Use of The Imperative?

To give commands

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8 important irregulars in the Imperative and their stems?

Ten (Tener), Haz (Hacer), Pon (Poner), Sal (Salir), Ven (Venir), Sé (Ser), Di (Decir), Ve (Ir)

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Grammar

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