Greek Theatre

?
3 duties of an Athenian citizen
to vote
to fight
to be pious
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how do we find out about Greek theatre?
the plays
written sources
archaeological remains
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When did the City Dionysia take place and why then?
took place in March, at the beginning of the sailing season to allow for visitors to attend
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Double role of the theatre in Demes ?
doubled as a civic space for democracy
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role of masks?
to mask the identity of the actor
become other characters
part of the religious ritual - losing oneself, ecstasy and ritual madness
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meaning of playwright in Greek ?
teacher
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origins of theatre?
the dithyrambs - tribal dance competitions between the tribes of Athens in honour of Dionysus
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role of ritual madness and how it is acheived?
to become closer to the gods
achieved through dancing, drinking, wearing masks
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Processions of the City Dionysia
Xoanon
dithyrambs
Pompe
komos
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xoanon
night before the festival, a procession carrying a statue of Dionysus through the city, accompanied by a troop of actors reenacting his arrival in Athens
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Pompe
Grand procession on the morning of the festival
drinking, dancing, fun
people carried sacrificial objects and model phalluses
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Komos
evening of the first day
men only
more phalluses
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sacrifices and libations at the festival, when and who?
2nd day-
Priest of Dionysus sacrifices a piglet to the god
10 generals of Athens poured libations to the 12 Olympians
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role of the eponymous archon
elected official to organise event
chose choregos
selected 3 tragic playwrights and 5 comedic playwrights
the year was named after them, hence eponymous
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role of choregos
financial backers for playwrights chosen from wealthy elites
prestigous and influential
if their playwright won they would pay for a victory monument with their name, the writer's name and the eponymous archon's
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what is the theoric fund?
established by the state to pay for citizens that could not afford to attend the festival
theatre = democracy
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what were the 3 presentations before the first play?
parade of tribute
proclamation of honours
parade of orphans
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what was the parade of tribute?
all tributes from Athenian allies and subjects that were in the Athenian treasury were paraded in front of the spectators
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What was the proclamation of honours?
a list of names of people who has performd outstanding services to the city, awarded crowns
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what was the parade of orphans
boys whose fathers had died fighting for Athens were brought on stage
the state paid for their upbringing and education as a mark of respect and appreciation
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how was the festival democratic?
many aspects voted on:
the winner was voted on
judges selected out of an urn- one from each tribe
review of the festival where any citizen could say of they felt the festival had been badly run, if it is felt the archon failed in their role they could be
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appearance of masks?
made of cork, linen, wood etc
painted
hair
tragic masks - lifelike and beautiful
comedic masks - exaggerated and grotesque
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tragic costumes?
based on everyday clothing e.g chitons
high status characters - heavily embellished + platform shoes to reflect elevated status
outlandish costumes and trousers for non-Athenian characters and Barbarians
padding for playing feminine characters
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Play structure
Prologue
parados
episode
stasimon
episode
stasimon
exodos
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What made up the chorus?
12 men (15 in early tragedy)
dressed the same, dancing and singing in unison
accompanied by auletes
had a leader who would sing in conversation with the actors on stage 'kommos'
performed choral odes and dances
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role of the chorus
provide wider context of the story
set the scene
represent ordinary people in the story
provide perspective and commentary on events of the play
bacckground mood with song
provide scene breaks for costume changes
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when was the Rural Dionysia?
December, around the time of the grape harvest
plays from the year before were performed
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who is believed to have founded the City Dionysia and why?
the Tyrant Peisistratus
to centralise power in Athens
to maintain popularity
to ensure respect for the gods
a show of wealth and power
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how long before the festival would planning start
9 months
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how did the Spartans view the Athenian spending on theatre?
a weakness and the reason for Athens' eventual downfall
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what could be paid for with the money spent on a dithyramb?
dithyrambs cost the same as running a trireme for a year
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Where and what was the Street of Tripods?
street from the agora to the theatre
lined with tripodds to celebrate winners
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what was illegal in Athens during the festival?
everyday business was suspended
illegal to arrest or persecute people
prisoners were temporarily released
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what order were the plays performed
day 2- 5 comedy plays by 5 comedians
day 3-5- 1 playwright, 3 tragedies and a satyr
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Presence of the religious in the theatre?
Altar to Dionysus in the theatre
special seat for the priest of Dionysus in the prohedria
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Who was responsible for the plays' rehearsals?
the choregoi
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who trained the actors and chorus?
the playwright
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who made up the actors and chorus?
Athenian citizens- let off military service in the lead up to the festival for rehearsals
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How were judges selected?
from a lot of 500 (50 from each tribe)
vetted by elders
names placed in 10 urns and the archon would pull a name out of each
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how was the winner of the festivsal chosen?
Judges all voted and the winning name was pulled out of an urn
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location and capacity of the Theatre of Epidaurus
13000-14000 spectators
next to the sanctuary of Asklepios- used to heal the sick
natural surrounding used as a backdrop
built into side of the hill for shelter and acoustics
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location and capacity of the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens?
held 17000
set between the sanctuary of Dionysus and the Acropolis
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Structure of the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens?
13 wedges
stretched semicircle shape for acoustics
earlier than the 5th century it may have been more rectangular
originally built in wood
built in stone by Lycurgus in 320sBC
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Shape of the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens?
More than semicircular, for acoustics
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Where is the Theatre of Thorikos?
the coastal deme of Attica
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give an example of trapezium or rectangular orchestras.
theatre of Thorikos
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Uses of Vases.
decoration
storage
to show education, wealth and interests
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most popular vase?
kylix
for mixing wine
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ekkyklema
wooden platform on wheels
used to depict a scene moving from inside to outside, or present dead bodies
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mechane
crane to raise actors above the stage
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what kind of character was the chorus?
a group character
expressed the opinions of the playwright
reacted as the audience
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Parados
prologue
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parados/eisidos
entrance/ exit ramps for chorus
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who was Thespis?
the first actor
first to separate from the chorus and have a dialogue
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who was the father of tragedy
Aeschylus
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which playwright was known for his use of innovative language?
Aeschylus
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which playwright introduced the 3rd actor?
Sophocles
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Which playwright introduced the 2nd actor?
Aeschylus
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Which playwright limited the role of the chorus and made plots more complex?
Sophocles
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Who was the last tragic playwright of the Classical Era?
Euripides
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Which playwright introduced the deus ex machina?
Euripides
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What was Euripides known for, language wise?
simple language and realism
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Who was the father of old comedy?
Aristophanes
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Until when were theatres made of wood?
late 4th century BC
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When do the perscribed plays date to?
5th Century BC
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which side of the Acropolis was the Theatre of Dionysus on?
South side, to protect from cold winds
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Theory behind the 13 wedges?
10 tribes of Athens
Non-Athenians
Slaves
Women
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Prohedria
front row
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What was the theatre like when the plays were first performed?
woodedn benches that looked straight down
approx capacity 6000
more rectangular orchestra
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Symbolism of the orchestra being between the stage and the theatron?
the chorus is a mediator for the actors and the audience
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Scholion
a comment inserted into a manuscript by an ancient commentator
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What battles did Aeschylus fight at ?
Marathon
Salamis
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2 types of pottery and their time periods
black figure vases - late 6th century
red figure vases - 5th century
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Which kind of pottery predates the plays?
black figure
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Why can vases not be entirely trusted?
made as souvenirs
to make owner look wealthy and educated
differing quality
artist may not have seen the play
may be a depiction of myth not play
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kothornoi
soft leather boots worn by actors
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Possible date for the first City Dionysia?
534 BC
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the first City Dionysia is thought to have been held after the incorporation of which city into Athens?
Eleutherae
home to a cult of Dionysus
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Earliest evidence for drama?
vases from the late 7th century BC
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origins of the Dithyramb according to Heroditus?
7th century Corinth
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Tragedos
song of the goat
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when was the first time 3 tragedies were performed followed by a satyr play?
501 BC
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Who reduced the chorus?
What to ?
Aeschylus
50 ---> 12 men
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What was the intention behind Tragedy?
Catharsis - cleansing of emotions
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How many in a comedic chorus?
24 men in two opposing teams
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What made up Comedic costumes?
short tunic and cloak
tights- to give the appearance of saggy skin
padded middle and bottom
oversized leather phallus
sometimes colourful and ridiculous
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What were the plots of Comedies like?
loose plots
fantasy ideas
often conflict resolving in a happy ending with a wedding or a feast
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Why did comedies have longer prologues than tragedies?
Comedies were completely original, not based on myths
Audiences needed more information to understand the story
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2 leagues of Greece?
Delian League - Athens
Peloponnesian League - Sparta
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When were Athens and Sparta allies?
during the Persian Wars
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During which war were the plays written?
The Second Peloponnesian War,
after the Thirty Years Peace (14 years)
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What caused the Athenian Plague
People from the surrounding country moved inside Athens' city walls
Ships carrying grain from Egypt brought the plague
Athens was under seige from Sparta
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How many people died during the Athenian Plague
2/3 of Athenian popuation
including Pericles
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What was the Sicilian expedition?
Athenian expedition to capture Syracuse
lead by Alcibiades
10,000 hoplites killed
2/3 of the navy lost
Alcibiades defects to Spartans
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Paul Cartledge on Greek comedy
satire, farce,opera, pantomime, comedy etc. rolled into one
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What could comedy do that tragedy could not?
mock the gods
be set in real time
be set in Athens
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How were most political offices filled?
random lottery of volunteer citizens
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How many eligible citizens were there in Athens?
30,000 men
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Ecclesia
a general meeting, a few times a month
anyone could raise any issue
approx 6000 attendees
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Boule
500 member governing council
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Which Athenian Officials were elected?
Generals
Strategoi
some financial officials
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What percentage of the total population of Athens were citizens?
10 - 20 %
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3 philosophers who hated democracy?
Plato
Aristotle
Socrates
'Anarchic rule'
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Parabasis
an address directly to the audience
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Agon
competition / debate
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In what ways is Frogs a true comedy?
scatological humour
whipping scene
irony -Dionysus portrayed as stupid
role swapping
Slapstick
Black humour
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In what ways is Frogs a serious commentary?
Mentions of contemporary politicians
Cleophon, Alcibiades
mentions of the Battle of Arginusae
Playwrights as teachers
mission to save Athens
Scrutiny of government
telling audience to be careful who they vote for
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Is there character development in Greek drama?
no character development, but personality changes
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Is Xanthius in Frogs a stock character?
Xanthius is a stock character but he overturns the stereotype.
When talking to Pluto's slave however, he reverts to type.
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Waht are the 7 universal plots?
overcoming the monster
rags to riches
voyage + return
comedy
tragedy
love story
rebirth
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What is the purpose of messenger speeches?
To tell audience about off-stage action
as violence cannot be shown onstage
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What is the purpose of the agon?
Tragedy: to cause more polarisation
Comedy: to come to a conclusion
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Example of an agon in tragedy
Bacchae - Tiresias and Pentheus argue over the role of religion
Oedipus - Oedipus' interrogation of Tiresias
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Example of agon in comedy
Frogs - Aeschylus vs. Euripides arguing over plays
showing off oratory and rhetorical skills
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stichomythia
dialogue in which two characters speak alternate lines of verse, used as a stylistic device in ancient Greek drama
e.g Frogs - agon
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What is the purpose of parabasis?
deals with current affairs and playwrights opinions
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example of Parabasis
Frogs : lines 674-737
audience are told to return to the old ways and reject politicians
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Iambus
the spoken word, following a metric pattern of alternating long and short syllables
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Tragic irony
when a character unknowingly does something awful
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Examples of Tragic irony
Bacchae - Agave killing Pentheus
Oedipus - Oedipus fulfilling the prophecy
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what is the meter of Greek plays?
iambic trimeter
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6 themes of Bacchae
Madness / sanity
The hunt
Animals
City vs. wild (man vs. nature)
old / new
kingship / democracy
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Messenger speeches in Bacchae
describing the women on the mountain
describing Pentheus' death
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What does Dionysus being 'twice born' say about him?
he has two sides, god of duality
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What is essential, on the party of the audience, when watching a Greek play?
suspension of disbelief
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How do the actors get closer to Dionysus?
outside themselves
wearing masks
may have considered themselves possessed
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in what way is tragedy a psychological safety valve?
Greek idea of everything in moderation but need to let loose sometimes, need to loose themselves
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How are the political and religious linked ?
No word for religion in Ancient Greek
no distinction between the political and the religious
Politcal messages conveyed through the gods
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What are the roles of the gods?
to protect people
to influence
to give hope
to punish
explanation for natural phenomena
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characteristics of the gods?
uncaring
adulterous
incestuous
vengeful
controlling
unforgiving
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What are the alternate theories on Euripides commentary on punishment in the Bacchae?
Pentheus, the women, Cadmus - all punished
1. just spouting the traditional ancient beliefs on punisment
2. critisising the Gods and indiscriminate punishment
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What question about punishment is raised for the audience in the Bacchae?
what is an example of this question contemporary to the play's writing?
should people be punished whether it is their fault or not?
Mytilenian debate 427BC
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Does Pentheus have freewill?
Pentheus initially has freewill - until he is under Dionysus' spell
Agave and the other women are likewise under Dionysus' spell and lack free will
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What was the Mytilenian Debate?
A debate in the boule over whether or not to kill all the men on Lesbos following a revolt.
Decision was made to kill only ringleaders
2nd ship was sent to stop the first.
427BC
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What was Delphi home to ?
the Pythia
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How was Delphi pan-Hellenic?
Every city state had a treasury at Delphi
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What is the symbolism of Tireisias being blind?
he does not have physical sight, but he does have spiritual sight
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What does Tireisias being a stock character mean for the audience?
the audinece knows to believe his prophecies, but the characters do not, so ignore his warnings
creating dramatic irony
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A clash of which kinds of authority is shown in the Bacchae?
clash of political and religious authority
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What was Greek Religion based on?
Greek religion was focused on action rather than belief
as long as sacrifices are performed and rites held, does the actual belief matter?
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How is the question of how to properly worship Dionysus raised in Bacchae?
Pentheus fails to worship Dionysus and tries to prevent his worship
Maenads make the audience question how to both worship the gods and maintain social order
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What was the punishment for blasphemy in Athens?
Give example.
death
Alcibiades sentenced to death for defacing herms
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How do the maenads in Bacchae behave?
they are unwomanly - leave behind their children and homes, being outside the home
are peaceful until they see the men - they then go mad, into a frenzy
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Where does most information about Euripides come from?
comedians eg. Aristophanes
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What does Aristophanes parodying Euripides tell us?
that he was well known culturally
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What does Euripides being a misanthrope mean?
He provides an almost outsider's view of Athenian society
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Who said that the Bacchae is the best play to show duality?
Mark Ravenhill
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How many times did Euripides win the City Dionysia compared to Sophocles?
Euripides - 4/5 wins
Sophocles - 24 wins
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What was the first written law code?
Draconian law c.620BC
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Who reformed Draco's laws in 593 BC?
Solon
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How were the Athenian courts run?
cheap and run by laypeople
court officials paid little - if anything
no lawyers
no official judges
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How long were most Athenian trials?
less than a day
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Graphai
public prosocutions
heard by juries of 501 or more
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Dikai
Private suits
heard by juries of 201 or 401 depending on the money at stake
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How were juries selected?
from 6000 volunteers, all citizens over 30
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Which Athenian leader introduced pay for juries?
Pericles
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What was the effect on the juries demographically, for being paid?
may have lead to disproportionate numbers of poor and elderly citizens on juries
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How was the punishment of a guilty person determined in the Athenian courts?
both defendant and prosecution would pick a punishment and the Jury would pick which they thought was most fitting
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timora
'vengeance'
or
'punishment decided by the court'
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Problem with revenge?
Purpose of Timora?
the problem with revenge is that it can be a never ending cycle
the purpose of timora was to hand out vengeance with a definitive end
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Differences between justice and revenge in modern times?
Justice : rational, brings closure, morality, aims to right a wrong
Revenge: emotional, an open cycle, retaliation, aims to harm wrongdoer
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Differences between justice and revenge in ancient times?
Very similar
both aim to help friends and harm enemies
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Justice or revenge?
Cadmus turned into a snake.
Revenge :
unjust behaviour from Dionysus, Cadmus did what he was supposed to
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Justice or revenge?
Pentheus' death
Justice:
Punshed by Dionysus for his impiety
Revenge:
killed by his mother - more personal
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Justice or revenge?
Pentheus putting Dionysus in jail
Justice:
Dionysus is disrupting order and punishing the women of Thebes
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Justice or revenge?
Agave being exiled.
Justice:
Punishment for her impiety
Revenge:
retribution for disrespecting Semele
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Justice or revenge?
Pentheus being made to dress as a woman
Revenge:
intended to humiliate
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How does Euripides question both the gods and notions of jusice at the end of Bacchae?
Cadmus says that Dionysus' punishments are too much
Dionysus says that the justice of the gods is harsher than the justice of mortals
Cadmus retorts that the gods should have higher moral standards
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Who tutored Alexander the Great?
Aristotle
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Who taught Aristotle?
Plato
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How does Aristotle define poetry?
an imitation produced through rhythm, language or harmony
it is mimetic and creates a representation of what could happen
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How does Aristotle define tragedy?
Aims to represent men as better than in real life
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What are the 6 components of Tragedy?
in order :
Plot
Character
Diction
Thought
Spectacle
Song
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What are the best plots according to Aristotle?
the best plots have events that take the audience by surprise
they are continuous with clear cause and effect brought about by peripeteia
include anagnorisis or discovery
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7 characteristics of tragedy
1. mimetic
2. serious
3. full story of appropriate length
4. rhythm and harmony
5. rhythm and harmony occur in different combinations in different parts of the play
6. Performed rather than narrated
7. catharsis
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When does Aristotle say that pity and fear are aroused the most?
when the harm comes from family members
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What is Pentheus' hubris?
thinking he is above Dionysus
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What is Pentheus' hamartia?
rejecting Dionysus as a god
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When is Pentheus' peripeteia ?
when he dresses as a woman under Dionysus' spell
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What is the anagnorisis in the Bacchae?
Pentheus recognising Agave on the mountain
Agave recognising Pentheus' head
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what does Bernard Knox say makes a tragic hero?
someone who makes a decision rooted in their personal nature and maintains said decision to the point of self destruction.
they fail to yield when presented with an opportunity
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What are the alternate interpretations of the presentation of the maenads in Bacchae?
Is it
1. a presentation of what will happen if women are left to their own devices
or
2. what will happen if women continue to be suppressed
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What mythic character embodies the perfect Greek woman?
Penelope
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What kind of government is portrayed in tragedy?
why?
Tragedies are set in a time where cities were ruled by kings
used to comment on the contemporary danger of tyranny
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tyrannos
a single ruler
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what are the negative stereotypes associated with kings and tyrants?
touchy
angry
over emotional
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In what ways is Pentheus a tyrant?
he believes he is the sole source of authority in Thebes and that Dionysus' actions present a threat to him
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What is the primary unit of Greek society?
the oikos
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What kind of family is portrayed in tragedy?
noble and dysfunctional
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By how long does the 'Death of Pentheus' vase predate the Bacchae?
75 years
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Who said, 'man is a political animal' ?
Aristotle
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7 themes and motifs in Frogs?
1. education
2. politics
3. role of the gods
4. fate and freewill
5. representation and satire of tragedy
6. position of men/women/slaves in society
7. the underworld
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3 elements of comedy that appeal to everyone regardless of background?
politics
family
everyday life
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What are the landladies in Frogs like?
they are angry with Heracles for running off without paying the bill
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3 stock characteristics of women in Frogs?
annoying
in the way
objectified
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What does Aeschylus accuse Euripides of in Frogs?
Accuses him of corrupting the polis with his depictions of evil women, causing an epidemic of female suicides
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In Frogs, who accuses Euripides' wife of adultery? how does this reflect on Euripides?
Dionysus accuses Euripides' wife of adultery, this puts Euripides in the wrong and makes him look stupid
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Why does Charon say that Xanthius is not allowed on the boat?
because he did not fight in the seabattle
he is still a slave not a citizen
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What happened to slaves that fought at the battle of Arginusae?
they became citizens
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What does Xanthius' name mean?
slave
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What insecurity does the conversation between Xanthius and Pluto's slave show?
A insecurity around gossiping slaves
a warning that they can be unloyal
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Which 2 politicians are mentioned in Frogs?
Alcibiades and Cleophon
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What does the chorus suggest to the audience about the Peloponnesian war?
that it should be lead differently
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Who does the chorus in Frogs say is being elected?
'hypocrites and swindlers'
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What was looming over the Athenians when Frogs was first performed?
defeat in the Peloponnesian war
running out of money and manpower
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How does Aristophanes provide hope to the audience ?
looks back to the days of Athenian greatness
references to Homer
reminders of their defeat of the Persians
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What quote in Frogs shows the importance of voting for the right politicians?
' she hanged herself with a first rate rope'
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What does the chorus in Frogs compare current politicians to?
debased silver coinage
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What does Aristophanes blame for the lack of good politicians?
they come from foreign stock eg. Cleophon
Athens is ignoring the traditional men raised on wrestling and dance
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What does Aristophanes want the Athens to be?
traditional:
loyalty to the state
physical strength
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Where is Aristophanes specific in his address of current events in Frogs?
says that citizens who supported a coup in 411BC should have their citizenship restored to them
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What convention of myth and traditional heroism does Aristophanes employ in Frogs?
Only by going to the underworld can salvation be achieved
like other heroes Dionysus goes to the underworld
eg. Heracles, Orpheus, Odysseus
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Why would it be more acceptable to make fun of Dionysus than other Olympians?
he is a newer god
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What are the differences in the presentation of Dionysus in Frogs and in Bacchae?
Bacchae : effeminate, long hair, terrifying
Frogs : paunchy middle-aged man, bumbling fool, ridiculed
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In what ways is Dionysus human in Frogs?
he feels pain
does not know how to row
he is a coward
he is out of shape
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Who was the cult of the Eleusinian Mysteries open to ?
everyone, including women and slaves
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What myth did the Eleusinian cult celebrate?
Demeter's separation from Persephone
mirrors theme of death and rebirth present in Frogs
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Other than Frogs, give an example of Aristophanes parodying tragedy.
Women at the Thesmophoria
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How does Aristophanes present tragedy as something essential to Athenian life?
he says that the tragedians can save Athens
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What was the didactic purpose of tragedy?
to offer moral guidance
make people better citizens
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50 years after the plays, what does Plato critisise tragedians for?
depicting immoral behaviour on stage
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What philosipher and philosophical movement was Euripides associated with?
Socrates and Decadent Intellectualism
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Why did Euripides choose voluntary exile?
Seen as too smart by the Athenians, saw what happened to Socrates
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Bernard Knox on Euripides
ambiguous
feminist+misogynist
pro+anti war
then and now people can not figure out what he is
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Simon Goldhill on Sophocles
Sophocles gets the audience to take part in Athenian democracy by judging the character
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3 characteristics of Aeschylus' plays
very serious
long monologues
no violence at all on stage
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What did Aristophanes say about his audience?
Claimed that he was writing for a clever and discerning audience
That 'other times' would judge the audience depending on its reception of the plays
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What is the main use of the chorus by Aristophanes?
a defense against rhetoric
idea that it is the civil duty of the educated to protect the public from deception
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Edith Hall on Aristophanes
Aristophanes is responsible for most types of comedy in East and West
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How is Aeschylus presented in Frogs?
verbose
lacking subtlty
'con artist' --> distracting populous
traditional
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How is Euripides presented in Frogs?
fancy language
difficult to follow
too much violence
'cripple merchant'
characters speak too much
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Who says that every line of which playwright's poetry can be ended with 'a little flask of oil'?
Aeschylus says that every line of Euripides can be ended with 'a little flask of oil'
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Why is Sophocles hardly mentioned in Frogs?
Because he died just before the play was performed, was just tacked on
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In what ways would a modern audience enjoy a performance of Frogs?
Slapstick
Death jokes
Role reversal
Elaborate costumes
Singing
Dancing
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In what ways would a modern audience not enjoy a performance of Frogs?
Lost political context
Downgraded SFX
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What was Athenian democracy and economy dependent on?
Slavery and imperial tribute
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What did Aristotle believe was the perfect tragedy?
Oedipus Rex
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What are the names of Oedipus' children?
Antigone
Ismene
Polynices
Eteocles
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Why must the audience empathise with the tragic hero?
the human link is what makes the tragedy tragic
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What characteristic is Oedipus' downfall?
his intellectual curiosity
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What makes Oedipus' fall more tragic?
the Thebans put him on a pedestal, treat him like a god
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Who said that a tragic hero should be 'morally blameless''?
Aristotle
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When did Aristotle write Poetics?
335 BC
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mythos
plot
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ethos
character
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dianoia
spoken thought
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lexis
diction
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melos
melody
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opsis
spectacle
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Mimesis
imitation
the audience recognises actions/character traits and finds a truth in what they are experiencing
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Pathos
suffering of the hero
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How does Pentheus view Dionysiac worship?
as a pretence for drunkeness and orgies
a threat to social norms
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What does the image of the Theban women suckling wild animals evoke?
abandoned infants
lost humanity
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Is Laura Swift for against women being allowed in Greek theatres?
why?
thinks women were allowed to attend the theatre
because women played an important part in religious worship and the City Dionysia was a religious festival, also because slaves and foreigners could attend
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Who said 'entertainment is always a form of social commentary'?
Simon Goldhill
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What was Dionysus god of?
wine
theatre
madness
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

how do we find out about Greek theatre?

Back

the plays
written sources
archaeological remains

Card 3

Front

When did the City Dionysia take place and why then?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Double role of the theatre in Demes ?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

role of masks?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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