Historical Perspectives of Psychology Term One Keywords

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  • Created by: PsycSaph
  • Created on: 20-01-19 19:01
Anal stage
two to four years conflict between parents inflicting self-control and tension reduction for the ID
1 of 79
Aquisition
a neutral stimulus that is consistently followed by a UCR will become a CR
2 of 79
Contextual approach
knowledge and values at the time
3 of 79
Critical periods
certain behaviours must develop in a certain time frame
4 of 79
Collective unconscious
archetypes form ethnic or racial groups that are socially (or genetically) passed on
5 of 79
Conditioned stimulus
initially neutral stimulus that is conditioned through association
6 of 79
Conditioned response
an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus
7 of 79
Common fate
things that move together belong together
8 of 79
Common region
elements in the same region tend to be grouped together
9 of 79
Cognitive psychology
study of mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, using language, researching and solving problems
10 of 79
Deduction
logical thinking
11 of 79
Descent of man
continuity of mental processes existed between humans and other species
12 of 79
Displacement
displacing unacceptable impulse
13 of 79
Ego
constrains ID to reality
14 of 79
Eight stages of development
crisis at each stage; psychosocial not psychosexual; fixation if unsuccessful
15 of 79
Extinction
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response when the CS is no longer paired with the UCR
16 of 79
Feminism
power dynamic between genders crucial in human psychology
17 of 79
Finalism
future expectations of perfectionism
18 of 79
Functionalism
concerned with ‘behaviour’, driven by practical application
19 of 79
Genital stage
twelve years onward no conflict rather than psyche decided from previous conflict
20 of 79
Generalisation
involves the tendency of a new stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a similar response
21 of 79
Gestalt
perception is not built up from sensations but is not a result of perceptual organization
22 of 79
Good continuation
points that, when connected, result in contours
23 of 79
Historicism
values of the time
24 of 79
Introspection
internal perception rather than philosopher’s self- observation
25 of 79
ID
innate source of all drives
26 of 79
Information processing
decomposing a cognitive task into a set of abstract information stages
27 of 79
Latency stage
six to twelve years learning skills and obtaining education at school for adult life
28 of 79
Libido
Jung- less emphasis on sex and more on extroversion/introversion
29 of 79
Lip key
measures reaction time of mouth opening
30 of 79
Law of similarity
people tend to group similar items together
31 of 79
Law of proximity
people tend to use how close objects are to one another to perceive a larger image
32 of 79
Logical positivism
observed events could be tied to theoretical
33 of 79
Mind
allows perception of the finite mortal world
34 of 79
Moral anxiety
conflict between ego and superego
35 of 79
Middle life
pressures of sexual life give away to anxiety about ‘greater’ philosophy
36 of 79
Myers-Briggs personality inventory
categorises people into types
37 of 79
Naturalistic history
zeitgeist account of development
38 of 79
Natural selection
more adaptive variation, more likely to survive and be naturally selected in struggled for survival
39 of 79
Neurotic anxiety
direct conflict between ID and ego
40 of 79
Negative reinforcement
R increased in frequency because it removes a noxious stimulus reinforcer
41 of 79
Negative punishment
R decreases in frequency because a pleasant stimulus reinforcer is removed
42 of 79
Objective anxiety
response to real external threat
43 of 79
Oral stage
birth to two years
44 of 79
Oedipal conflict
boys become fearful of father and castration
45 of 79
Olfactometer
present smells through participants noses
46 of 79
Operant conditioning
learning produced by an active organism interacting with the environment
47 of 79
Presentism
modern knowledge and values
48 of 79
Personalistic history
‘great man’ individual account of development
49 of 79
Psuedoscience
a collection of studies and beliefs often mistakenly categorised as a science
50 of 79
Prior reasoning
before experience
51 of 79
Positivism
we could only be sure of knowledge that results from observable public events
52 of 79
Problem of induction
because you haven’t seen something doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist
53 of 79
Problem of demarcation
how we separate the scientific from unscientific
54 of 79
Psychoanalysis
theory of human personality
55 of 79
Projection
project traits we don’t like onto others
56 of 79
Phallic stage
four to six years child discovers they have or do not have a penis
57 of 79
Penis envy
girl blames her mother for not having a penis
58 of 79
Principle of compensation
whatever happens in the conscious, the exact happens in the unconscious
59 of 79
Positive reinforcement
R increases in frequency it introduces a pleasant stimulus reinforcer
60 of 79
Positive punishment
R decreases in frequency because it introduces a noxious stimulus reinforcer
61 of 79
Phi phenomenon
an instance where meaning is present in perception, but not in the elements that make up the sensory signal
62 of 79
Posteriori
after evidence empirical evidence
63 of 79
Phrenology
different parts of the human skull correspond to mental faculties
64 of 79
Repression
subduing something by force
65 of 79
Rationalization
rationalise unacceptable event
66 of 79
Reaction formation
person acts in opposite way to real urge
67 of 79
Soul
primarily the focus of religion and faith-based approaches
68 of 79
Sexual selection
process of same-sex competition and female mate preference
69 of 79
Superego
internalised values/morals/ideals of society
70 of 79
Sublimation
channelling undesirable sexual or aggressive behaviour into socially acceptable behaviours
71 of 79
Structuralism
concerned with the ‘mind’, theoretically driven
72 of 79
Shaping
the process of giving rewards for successive and better approximation of the behaviour that is desired
73 of 79
Synchrony
elements occurring at the same time are seen as belonging together
74 of 79
Telograph key
presented participant with stimuli, press key when recognised
75 of 79
Trial and error learning
trying alternative possibilities until corrected/ desired solution achieved
76 of 79
Unconditioned stimulus
stimulus elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning
77 of 79
Unconditioned response
unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to UCS
78 of 79
Uniform connectedness
a connected region of visual properties is perceived as single unit
79 of 79

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a neutral stimulus that is consistently followed by a UCR will become a CR

Back

Aquisition

Card 3

Front

knowledge and values at the time

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

certain behaviours must develop in a certain time frame

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

archetypes form ethnic or racial groups that are socially (or genetically) passed on

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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