HOW EFFECTIVE HAVE TERRORIST GROUPS BEEN IN THE PERIOD 1969-2005?

What is terrorism?

A violent act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians with the purpose of intimidating a population in order to promote their views, be it political and or racial.

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What are the 7 causes of terrorism? (DRIPPHN)

Desire for land, Religious beliefs, Individual factors, Political ideology, Poverty, Historical factors and Nationalism

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Example of Desire for land

PLO- Wants to liberate Palestine and make it theirs

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Example of Religious beliefs

Al Qaeda- Wants to unite all muslims in following the rules of the first Caliphs

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Example of Individual factors

E.g. a feeling of having no voice. PIRA wanted to create an all Irish state

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Example of Political ideology

AL Qaeda- Wants to destroy all western dictatorships

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Example of Poverty

IRA- Recruited members from poorer areas of Ireland

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Example of Historical factors

PIRA- Weren't treated well by the British Government

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Example of Nationalism

PIRA- fighting against outside British power (wanting to run own country for own benefit)

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What are 4 reasons terrorism is condemned?

1. Civilian casualties (innocent- hard to justify) 2. Extreme number of casualties (people can't sympathise) 3. Gives religion a bad name ( not the belief of everyone of that religion) 4. It spreads fear and intolerance

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For what 3 reasons do some people justify terrorism?

1. Fair response in relation to how the government have treated them 2. No different to the actions of the government 3. The end justifies the means

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How do people justify terrorism from the PIRA?

Badly treated by the UK & wanted to be independent country

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How do people justify terrorism from the PLO?

Injustice- wanted homeland, didn't like living in overpopulated ares or in camps

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How do people justify terrorism from Al Qaeda?

Bin Laden was against westernisation (other people were too). He believe his religion (Islam) was under attack from them and wanted to defend.

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PIRA 3 aims

1. End British influence in Northern Ireland 2. To create an all-island Irish state 3. To defeat the catholic community from attack

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PIRA method 1 (Date?) Maximum force

1970s- Maximum force −1. IRA attacked Br troops and NI police (RUC) 2. Many civilians killed 3. Planted bombs in NI and on Br mainland eg Guildford pub bombing 4. Targeted businesses, to try and disrupt economic life

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PIRA- what was happening at the same time as maximum force method?

Catholics were attacked by loyalist terror groups. Death toll = 3000+ - mostly civilians.

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PIRA method 2 (Date?) Ceasefire

1975 -76: Ceasefire- Secret meetings between PIRA and Br govt led to ceasefire in Feb ’75 – broke down a year later as no progress made.

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PIRA method 3 (Date?) Violence continued

1980s – ‘90s- Violence continued

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PIRA method 3 example Brighton’s Grand Hotel (Date?)

1984: Brighton’s Grand Hotel – PIRA attempt to murder Mrs Thatcher and her ministers with a bomb.

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PIRA method 3 example Bombs (Date?)

1996: huge bombs in Manchester and London.

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PIRA method 4 - man and effect- Hungerstrikes

Hunger strikes - brought sympathy for cause. Bobby Sand was the first death

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PIRA What were the secret talks?

Secret talks between Adams and Br and Irish govts. Adams representing Sinn Fein (political party associated w PIRA.)- meant Britain could talk to them

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PIRA agreement 1 (Date?) Anglo-Irish Agreement

1985: Anglo-Irish Agreement: British PM Thatcher and Irish PM Fitzgerald - improved relations and cooperation between UK and Irish Republic.

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PIRA agreement 2 (Date) Good Friday Agreement

1998: Good Friday Agreement –ceasefire! A compromise betw Catholics, Unionists and Br and Irish govts

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PIRA 3 strengths

1. Culture and propaganda used to show British injustice towards Irish people 2. Hundreds of republican prisoners across Northern Ireland, important symbol for IRA 3. No communication between Adams and McGuinness (impossible for gov to infiltrate)

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When and what was Bloody Sunday?

30 January 1972 British soldiers shot 28 unarmed civilians during a peaceful protest march against internment.

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PIRA leadership

Effective leadership from Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams allowed IRA to become more political (Sinn Fein)

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PIRA successes

1. Reduced British influence 2. Protected Catholic community 3. Good Friday Agreement didn't rule out united Ireland

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PIRA failures

Ireland not united Not a success

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PIRA organisation

Tightly knit cells

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PIRA main motivation

Nationalism

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PLO 3 aims

1. Give Palestinian Arabs their own country in Palestine 2. Destroy Israel (later removed) 3. Closer Arab unity

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PLO method 1 (date?) Warfare against Israel

1960s – e.g. artillery attacks on settlements; attacks on civilians - but failed as Israel stronger militarily.

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PLO method 2 (date?) Terrorist attacks against Israel and Israelis

1972 Black September - kidnapped members of Israeli Olympic team, killed 11. Firing rockets at Israeli towns; assassinations; hi-jacking planes

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PLO method 3 (Date?) Intifada

1987 Mass uprising by young Arabs ag Israeli rule in the Occupied Territories – including stone throwing ag heavily-armed Israeli army; Israeli response – curfews, tear gas, bullets - gained much world sympathy for Palestinians; not started by PLO

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PLO when did Arafat accept right of Israel to exist?

1988

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PLO accord (date)?

1993 Oslo Peace Accords- Negotiations betw Israelis ( Rabin Israeli PM) and PLO ( Arafat) set up a Palestinian Authority to run affairs in Gaza ***** and West Bank – a start but not the end of the problems betw the 2 groups.

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PLO 4 strengths

Powerful support for PLO Palestinian refugee camps 2. Palestinian camps have schools, hospitals and training camps 3. secure base in Lebanon 4. PLO built network of propaganda

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PLO leadership

Yasser Arafat was charismatic and clever – accepted by Palestinians as leader. spent most of his life campaigning for Palestinian rights

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PLO organisation

Legislative body, Yasser Arafat has an executive committee - Loose control

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PLO main motivation

Nationalism

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PLO successes

Oslo Accords gave them their own country

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PLO failures

Only a fraction of original country

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Al Qaeda 4 aims

1. No foreign influence over Muslim countries 2. Destroy Israel 3. Destroy Western Dictatorships 4. Unite all Arabs with principles of an Islamic state

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Al Qaeda method 1 (date) Fighting of USSR

1988-89 1000s of Mujahideen fighters recruited

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Al Qaeda method 2 (date) International Terrorism

1992 - Now e.g. 2001: US World Trade Centre attacks, 2004: transport bombings in Madrid, 2005: London bombings; - many of these were suicide attacks,

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Al Qaeda method 3 (date) Terrorism in Iraq

2003 - Now kidnappings; suicide bomb attacks

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What happened to Bin laden?

Nov 2001: Land invasion –capital, Kabul, fell to invaders by mid- Nov. Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces took refuge in mountains – no sign of Bin Laden- went into hiding. (was eventually killed but do not include in exam)

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Al Qaeda 6 strengths

1. Powerful set of beliefs 2. difficult movement to fight 3. clever and charismatic leader 4. Uses powerful technology to run organisation 5. Generous funding from supporters 6. Loyal, well trained workers

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Al Qaeda leadership

Osama bin Laden's father was billionaire in Saudi Arabia; Fought in Afghanistan against Soviet forces; Released many videos where he promoted his beliefs; Charismatic and clever.

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Al Qaeda successes 1

More influence over Muslims

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Al Qaeda failures 2

1. Failed to destroy Israel 2. Caused instability

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Al Qaeda main motivation

Ideology of Islamic fundamentalist

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Al Qaeda organisation

Small independent cells unaware leaders/other cells

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Similarities with group PLO and Al Qaeda

Both want to destroy a state (Israel and America). IRA don't want to destroy they just want to remove influence

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Similarities with group PLO and IRA

Both want to change geographical borders. AL Qaeda has global gains

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2 Similarities with all groups

Want to remove influence of a particular government (British, Israeli and western). Aim for type of unity- 2 Irish states, Arab unity in Middle East and Islamic unity.

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2 differences with all groups

Methods all change (similar but not exact same), different leadership skills and some successful, some not

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Al Qaeda success or failure (overall)?

Failure- Al-Qaeda’s leaders were scattered after Nov 2001.

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PLO success or failure (overall)?

Partial success- Oslo Accords gave them their own country but only a fraction of original country

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PIRA success or failure (overall)?

Failure- didn't get united Ireland

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Get Revising

HOW EFFECTIVE HAVE TERRORIST GROUPS BEEN IN THE PERIOD 1969-2005?

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